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AGING Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alzheimer's disease is the most | common form of dementia. |
| Alzheimer's diseases is a progressive disease including | memory impairment and often other cognitive, psychological and functional deficits including difficulty problem solving or abstract reasoning, impaired visual spatial skills and behavioral disturbances. |
| Alzheimer's developmental regression goes from | mild to moderate to severe. |
| Healthcare professionals that are dealing with patients with alzheimer's should be | caring and respectful, controlling emotions, music, sense of humor and distractions. There are medications to manage symptoms. |
| Delirium results in | hallucinations, decreased ability to focus, increased confusion and poor memory. |
| Delirium is not a normal | process of aging. |
| Risk factors for delirium include | being over the age of 70, alcohol abuse, poor cognitive or functional status, poor vision, depression, malnutrition, metabolic abnormalities, infection and certain surgeries. |
| In the typical aging process orientation usually remains largely | intact as part of crystallized intelligence. As a result of retirement lifestyle, older adults may have more difficulty remembering the exact date or day. |
| Orientation A&Ox1 | knowing who one is |
| Orientation A&Ox2 | knowing who one is and where one is |
| Orientation A&Ox3 | knowing who one is, where one is, and having an adequate understanding of time. |
| Orientation A&Ox4 | knowing who one is, where one is, having an adequate understanding of time and may include situation as well. |
| Attention includes being able to | sustain attention or focus on one task, alternating attention between two tasks or dividing attention between two or more tasks simultaneously. Selective attention involves paying attention to relevant stimuli while filtering out unimportant information. |
| Ability to sustain attention without distractions remains | intact, although older adults tend to be less able to ignore distractions during tasks. Alternating and divided attention tasks may become more difficult, for example in the task of driving. |
| Older people tend to have more difficulty with | short term memory and remembering more recent episodes in their lives, including the source of information or the episode. |
| Crystallized intelligence includes | both basic knowledge and skills that accumulate over the course of life. |
| In typical aging crystallized intelligence remains intact or may even continue to improve, especially for | over-learned material and individual work related skills. Reading comprehension for example, is maintained well into old age, at least until age 75 or beyond. Elders may see themselves as more open minded or able to better differentiate shades of gray. |
| Fluid intelligence is the ability to | find meaning in confusion and solve new problems and to draw inferences and understand the relationships of various concepts, independent of acquired knowledge. Includes executive skills that involve judgment, awareness and problem solving. |
| Fluid intelligence declines with age to a | degree, older adults tend to have more difficulty with more complex, multiple step tasks. Because fluid intelligence is crucial to the learning process, learning may slow down but does not stop in typical older adults. |
| Primary memory | primary memory has limited capacity and is based on incoming information that is either used or generally forgotten in a matter of seconds. Immediate recall of seven digits plus or minus two has been considered normal for adults. |
| Primary memory does not seem to be | affected by aging. This type of memory involves sustained attention and is of extremely short duration (unless rehearsal takes place). |
| Short term memory | involves remembering information for a short duration. An example of normal short term memory is being able to recall a seven digit number for a few minutes. |
| Although older people do show a decline in short term memory, the decline is | more pronounced as the information increases in length or complexity. |
| Working memory | refers to being able to actively use or manipulate the information from the brain's short term storage base during a task. Involves recalling or retaining the steps of a new recipe while cooking without looking back. |
| Age related deficits in working memory such as in reading and listening span have | been consistently significant. |
| Prospective memory enables a | person to remember to do something in the future. |
| With regard to aging and prospective memory older people may be | better at spontaneously compensating for losses in prospective memory as they learn and adjust to memory losses gradually. In naturalistic or real life setting older people often do better than their younger counterparts by incorporating strategies. |
| Long term memory is | permanent or long term storage for example autobiographical information, early life experiences or repetitive information that involves more durable encoding and storage systems. |
| For well learned knowledge long term memory is the | least affected by age, although it may be difficult to conjure up the exact facts when needed. |
| Episodic memory is | oriented toward the past. Particularly involves remembering episodes or experiences in our lives. It is the acquisition and retrieval of information acquired in a particular place at a particular time. Can be short term or long term. |
| Episodic memory is particularly vulnerable to | the effects of aging. When tested simultaneously younger people tend to outperform older people on tests of episodic memory. |
| There is an increased difficulty of retaining additional information as | we grow older. Another explanation for declining episodic memory skills could be disease caused by less environmental stimulation. |
| Semantic memory involves a cumulative knowledge base about | the world in general. This internal lexicon is the buildup of information about of information over the corse of one's life. |
| Semantic memory changes portray a complex picture in that elders have more | word finding problems such as the tip of the tongue phenomenon but vocabulary may even improve into old age. |
| Procedural memory is | performance based, such as remembering how to ride a bike. Because daily performance tasks are often over learned and have become automatic this type of memory is often maintained at old age. |
| Procedural memory can be problematic in the elderly such as when a person with dementia remembers the procedure of driving but has | forgotten how to manage the more cognitively challenging aspects of driving. |
| Not all types of memory are affected equally by | the typical aging process. |
| Research in the area of episodic versus semantic memory has often demonstrated a more severe decline in | memory for events (episodic) whereas verbal memory such as vocabulary (semantic memory) tends to be better preserved. |
| Working memory tends to decline more sharply with age then | immediate or primary memory. |
| Studies showing a memory decline with he often have a more | complicated task. older people also seem to have more difficultly ignoring distractions during working memory tasks and are less abe to ignore irrelevant thoughts. |
| Xerostomia is | decreased saliva. Saliva is important for cleansing of debris, fishing acid, maintaining oral pH and making minerals available to remineralize early carious lesions on enamel and root surfaces of teeth. |
| Xerostomia leads to | uncomfortable swallowing, speech difficulties, mouth sores, and tooth decay. |
| Common causes of xerostomia include | the number one cause which is prescription meds. |
| Way to modify prescription meds to avoid xerostomia include | modifying drug schedules, night guards with fluoride gel, drinking water with meds, and decongestants and antihistamines. |
| Xerostomia is not a sign of aging most frequently it is related to | pharmacological inhibition or other disease states such as uncontrolled diabetes, sjorgren's syndrome, or autoimmune diseases. Tooth wear and breakdown over time can be related to dry mouth because lubrication prevents wear. |
| Oral health is directly related to quality of life of the older adult. Poorer scores on quality of life ratings in people who are | homebound, irrespective of gender, correlate to the presence of oral problems such as dry mouth and tooth decay. Well being correlates linked to oral health include the number of missing teeth and years of education. |
| There is increasing evidence that oral disease impacts | endocrine, cardiovascular, and pulmonary health, particularly in frail elders. |
| Periodontal disease is the | inflammatory reaction and dissolution of the bony structures that hold the teeth within the jaws. |
| Inflammatory periodontal disease has been associated with | poor cardiovascular health, ischemic stroke, and dementia. |
| Periodontal bone loss is also a known risk for | osteoporosis. |
| Dental plaque and an individual's immune response can cause | periodontal disease. |
| All of the following are related to periodontal disease and have a significant impact on general health | pain, inability to chew food, decreased caloric intake and subsequent loss of weight, root caries due to recession of the gum tissue, loose teeth, tooth loss, speech difficulties, decreased self-esteem and chronic systemic inflammation. |
| Recommendations for proper oral care include brushing | 2-3x per day and flossing regularly, antimicrobial mouth rinces, fluoride rinses, gels or toothpastes. |
| Promote straightforward and safe measures to reverse, arrest, and prevent oral disease in older adults. Five percent sodium | floride varnish is used in extended and/or long term care facilities and private homes of people who are medically compromise and homebound to arrest or decrease the development of dental caries for this high risk population. |
| As you get older the number of calories you need to maintain your current weight also decreases this is because | your muscle mass decreases and your metabolism slows down. |
| Older individuals require additional calcium because | low intake contributes to an increased risk of osteoporosis. |
| Calcium is poorly absorbed in individuals due to a | decrease of HCL in the stomach. |
| Dairy sources re the best sources of calcium due to | bioavailability which means the calcium is easier to absorb. Calcium from vegetables is more likely to be bound up. |
| The three macronutrients are | carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. |
| Good sources of carbohydrates include | whole grain products, rice, beans, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. Choose more complex vs. simpler sources of carbohydrates. Carbs are the bod's preferred source of fuel. |
| Good sources of protein are | eggs, chicken, fish, black beans. Protein is necessary for tissue growth, repair, and maintenance. |
| Fats are a major energy | source that play a vital role in the body. They are necessary to absorb fat soluble vitamins. |
| Good sources of fats are | olive oil, canola oil, avocados, or sunflower oil. |
| It is important to recommend a protein intake that is higher than the RDA because | as you get older there is a decreased rate of protein synthesis which leads to an overall decrease in protein stores and lean body mass. It is also important in order to maintain the balance between protein synthesis and protein breakdown. |
| An inadequate amount of protein can lead to sarcopenia because | inadequate protein intake forces an increased breakdown of skeletal muscle. |
| The ideal amount of protein consumed at each meal is | thirty grams at each meal. This is to maximize protein synthesis. |
| Three benefits of fiber are | it can increase GI regularity, it can stabilize blood glucose, and it can decrease cholesterol. |
| Recommendations for decreasing constipation include | consuming a high fiber diet with bran and lots of water, eating prunes which stimulate peristalsis and act as a natural laxitive, and pre and probiotics. |
| Older adults are at risk for undernutrition because of | disease, eating or feeding issues, tooth loss, economic hardship, or reduced social contact. |
| Ways to improve poor calorie intake include | nutritional suplements that can increase both calories and proteins, these include things like ensure, drinks, puddings, bars, or powder. As well as services such as meals on wheels. |
| DASH diet is a | dietary approach to stop hypertension. |
| The DASH diet is rich in | fruits and vegetables, low fat or nonfat dairy and whole grains. Higher in fiber, low to moderate in fat, and rich in potassium, calcium and magnesium. |
| HDL cholesterol is considered to be | good cholesterol it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries. A healthy level can protect against heart attacks and strokes, while a low level can increase the risk of heart disease. |
| LDL cholesterol is considered to be | bad cholesterol. It contributes to plaque that can clog arteries and make them less flexible. If a clot forms and blocks an artery a heart attack or stroke can result. |
| Strategies to alter HDL LDL and triglycerides include consuming a balanced | calorie intake with a balanced amount of physical activity, consuing a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, choosing whole grain and high fiber foods, consuming fish at least twice a week. Limiting intake of saturated fat to less than seven percent. |
| Functional performance includes | sensory, perceptual, and physical changes that affect activiites of daily living and overall quality of life. |
| Risks associated with poor physical function include | increased risk of dissability, increased risk of falls/fractures, depression, increased health care costs, and decreased independence. |
| Physical activity is | any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles whcih expends energy while exercise is a planned, structure and repetitive body movement involving one or more components of physical fitness. |
| Common physical changes that occur with aging include | range of motion, praxis (ability to carry out purposeful motor actions, reaction time, gross motor coordination, fine motor coordination, decreased strength and endurance. |
| Benefits of exercise and physical activity include | decreased death rate, decreased body fat and weight, improves lipid profile, improves insulin sensitivity, increased cardiovascular endurance and aerobic capacity, maintains bone mass, increased muscle mass and strength, increased postural stability. |
| Barriers to physical activity and exercise include | lack of knowledge about benefits, physical activity not emphasized early in life, belief that exercise is not for older people, fear of injury, lack of facilities and programs, expense, transportation, cultural factors. |
| Current ACSM guidelines for excercise are | 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise, 75 minutes per week or more of vigorous intensity exercise, resistance training 2-3 times per week, and balance and flexibility 2-3 times per week. |
| Misconceptions of sexuality in later years includes a | youth oriented american culture that results in narrow view of sexual attractiveness, an aging body doesn't conform to popular culture's image of sex appeal, an ever expanding industry of products and services are dedicated to not looking one's age. |
| Belief that only the young are sexually appealing damages | all generations. |
| Today's youth will be victims tomorrow of | these negative attitudes, especially women will be affected by narrow definitions of sexuality. |
| Few physician's take a sexual history or | discuss such concerns. |
| Sexual dysfunction is viewed as inevitable or the | issue not that important because of age. |
| Barriers to sexual activity include | loss of one's partner, health problems and some meds can affect interest and ability, preoccupation with other worries, mental and physical fatigue, substance abuse issues, mental infirmities of partner, generational reluctance to talk about issues. |
| Conditions that may impair ability to have intimate relationship include | heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, parkinson's, and alzheimer's. |
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