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Chapter 9 Lesson 1/2
Book Work
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Explain the process of using organic compounds for work | these compounds have potential energy from their arrangement of electrons. This can be used as fuel in exergonic reactions. These molecules can have their potential energy broken down into waste. Some of the energy is used for work and the rest is heat. |
| fermentation | a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |
| what is aerobic respiration | a catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and prokary |
| what is an anaerobic respiration | when substances other than oxygen are used as reactants in a similar process that harvests chemical energy without oxygen |
| cellular respiration | the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production ATP |
| electron transort chain | a sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy to make atp |
| what is catabolism linked to work by? | a chemical drive shaft of ATP and it must be regenerated from ADP and Pi |
| How do catabolic pathways yield energy? | the relocation of electrons releases energy stroed in organic molecules, and this energy is used to synthesize ATP |
| redox reaction | a chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another |
| oxidation | the complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reduction | the complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction |
| reducing agent | the electron donor in a redox reaction |
| oxidizing agent | the electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
| give an example of how a redox reaction does not have to include full transfer of electrons | in methane and oxygen, the covalent electrons bonded between carbon and hydrogen are changed when reacting with oxygen because of oxygens high electronegativity and carbon partially "loses" electrons as methane oxidized |
| where is reduction seen in the previous example | as the O2 binds with methane to form H20 with the water, oxygen gains electrons |
| explain the energy transfer of the electrons in the last reaction | the potential energy goes down as the electrons move from the less electronegative molecule to the more, and chemical energy is released as the electrons move |
| what is respiration | the oxidation of glucose and other molecules in food |
| why are organic molecules with hydrogen excellent fuel sources | their bonds are a ssource of hilltop electrons, whose energy may be released as these electrons fall down an energy gradient when they are transferred to oxygen |
| why is activation energy necesery in food | without this barrier, a food substance like glucose would combine almost instantaneously with oxygen |
| NAD+ | Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme that cycles easily between oxydized NAD+ and reduced NADH states, thus acting as an electron carrier |
| why is energy from fuel not released at once? | it would not be harnassed efficientyly which is why an enzyme is used to break down energy step by stepand electrons are stripped step by step and are put on carriers |
| How do electrons that are extracted from glucose and stored as potential energy in NADH finally reach oxygen? | a spark for the activation energy and gases combine explosively. The explosion represents a release of energy as the electrons of hydrogen fall closer to the electronegative oxygen atoms. Cellular respiration brings closer together |
| what are the two important differences in how cellular respiraton brings hydrogen and oxygen together | 1. In cellular respiration, hydrogen that reacts with oxygen is derived from organic molecules rather than H2. Second, instead of occuring in explosive reaction respiration uses ETC to break fall of electrons to oxygen into steps |
| what type of reaction is electron transfer from NADH to oxygen | exergonic |
| explain the cascade down of electrons | a set of redox reactions helps electrons cascade down the chain from one molecule to the next with more electronegative as the electrons go down until reaching o2 |
| what is the order of the cellular respiration downhill route? | glucose>NADH>ETC>Oxygen |
| Gylcolysis | a series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration |
| Citric Acid Cycle | a chemical cycle involving eight steps completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA derived from pyruvate to CO2, occurs within mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in cytosol of prokaryotes; |
| continued | together with pyruvate oxidation, second major stage in cellular respiration |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reaction of ect; the third major stage of cellular respiration |
| Substrate Level phosphorylation | the enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADO from an intermediate substrate in catabolism |
| compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration | both processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In aerobic respiration, the final acceptor is molecular oxygen, in anaerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is a different substances |
| if the following redox reaction occurred, which compound would be oxidized? which reduced? C4H6O5+NAD+= C4H4O5+NADH+H+? | C4H6O5 would be oxidized and NAD+ would be reduced |
| describe the difference between the two processes in cellular respiration that produce ATP: oxidative phosphorylation and substrate level phosphorylation | Most of the ATP is produced in cellular respiration comes from oxidative phosphorylation, in which the energy released from redox reactions in an electron transport chain is used to produce ATP. In substrate level phosphorylation, an enzyme directly |
| cont | transfers a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate. All ATP production in glycolysis occurs by substrate level phosphorylation; this form of ATP production also occurs at one step in the citric acid cycle |
| explain the meaning of glycolysis | "sugar splitting" six carbon sugar broken into two three carbon sugars and these sugars are oxidized and their atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate |
| explain the energy investment and energy payoff phase of glycolysis | During energy investment phase, the cell actually spends ATP. This investment is repaid with interest during the energy payoff phase, when ATP is produced by substrate level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released oxidation gluco |
| what is the net energy yield from glycolysis per glucose molecule? | 2ATP and 2 NADH |
| What is O2s role in glycolysis? | occurs whether or not O2 is present. However if it is present, the chemical energy stored in pyruvate and NADH can be extracted by pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation |
| During redox reactions in glycolysis, Which molecules act as the oxidizing agent? The reducing agent? | NAD+ acts as the oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, which thus acts as the reducing agent |
| The enzyme phosphofructokinase is allosterically regulated by ATP and related molecules. Considering the overall result of glycolysis, would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of this enzyme? | Since the overall process of glycolysis results in net production of ATP, it would make sense for the process to slow down when ATO levels have increased substantially. Thus, we would expect ATP to allosterically inhibit phosphofructokinase. |
| What is the source of energy for the formation of ATP and NADH in glycolysis? | The oxidation of the three carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, yields energy. In this oxidation, electrons and H+ are transferred to NADH+, forming NADH, and a phosphate group is attached to the oxidized substrate. ATP is then formed by substrate |
| cont | level phosphorylation when this phosphate group is transferred to ADP |
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kward66666