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Psych Chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Cognition | Mental activities such as thinking, knowing, learning, remembering, planning, and communicating. |
| Concepts: Mental Groupings of... | similar objects, events, and people that form the basis of thought. |
| Concepts: We form concepts by... | DEFINITION or by developing prototypes, mental images or best examples that incorporate all the features. |
| Concepts: Prototypes... | speed and guide our thinking, allow us to generalize, allows to associate experiments and objects. |
| Problem Solving: Algorithm... | Methodical, step by step process that guarantees a particular solution |
| Problem Solving: Heuristics... | Rules of thumb efficient but error prone. |
| Problem Solving: Insight... | A sudden realization of the solution to a problem |
| Obstacles to Problem Solving:Confirmation Bias... | Tendency to search for info that confirms your expectations or preconceptions Ex: Bachelor |
| Obstacles to Problem Solving: Fixation | Inability to see a problem with a fresh perspective. |
| Obstacles to Problem Solving: Functional Fixidness... | Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions. |
| Define Reasoning | Transforming information to reach conclusions. -involved in problem solving and decision making |
| Define Inductive Reasoning | Reasoning from specific situations to make generalizations -Men are XY women are XX |
| Define Deductive Reasoning | Reasoning about a specific instance based on generalizations. -"Oh you live on the North Side you must be a Cubs fan." |
| Define Decision Making | Evaluating Alternatives and choosing among them. |
| Define Availability Heuristic | Predicting the frequency of an event or a proportion within a population based on how easily an example pops into mind |
| Define Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things and terms of how well they seem to represent/match prototype. |
| Obstacles to Decision Making (3 parts) 1.Overconfidence | tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgements. |
| Obstacles to Decision Making (3 parts) 2. Belief Perseverance | Tendency to cling to beliefs in spite of contradictory evidence. |
| Obstacles to Decision Making (3 parts) 3. Framing | The way an issue is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgement. Ex:20% fat or 80%lean meat Ex:Half full vs. Half Empty |
| Define Intelligence | The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, use knowledge to adapt to new situations. -Arbitrary -Culturally -Socially |
| Arbitrary concept that is culturally and socially determined. | Measured by things that are culturally valued |
| Assessing Intelligence: Alfred Binet | Sought to identify children's academic strengths and weaknesses. Measure children's "mental age" in comparison with their chronological age. |
| Assessing Intelligence: William Stern | IQ [Intelligent Quotient]: Score on a standardized intelligence test. -IQ=Mental Age/Chronological age X100 |
| Assessing Intelligence: Lewis Terman | Adapted Binet's test for use as a numerical measure of inborn intelligence. Called it the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale (SBIS). |
| Principles of Test Construction: Standardization: "The normal distribution" Bell Curve. | Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of furture test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison. |
| Principles of Test Construction: Reliability: | A Test is reliable when it yields consistent or repeatable results. |
| Principles of Test Construction: Validity: | Of a test refers to the truthfulness of it. In other words, does the test measure or predict what it is supposed to measure or predict? |
| Principles of Test Construction: Cultural and Socially Bias. | Culturally bias tests have favored people... -from urban, rather than rural environments -middle, rather than low, socioeconomic status -who are white, rather than African American |
| Genetic and Environmental influences on intelligence: Heritability | The proportion of observable differences in a given trait that can be explained by genetic differences. |
| Genetic and Environmental influences on Intelligence: Environmental Effects | The heritability of intelligence ranges from 35% in childhood to 75% in adult hood. |
| Genetic and Environmental influences on Intelligence: Extreme Scores: Gifted. | Children scoring 2 or more standard deviations above the mean. |
| Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence: Extreme Scores: Mentally Retarded | Children scoring 2 or under are intellectually disabled under 70. |
| Components of Language: Phonetics | ? |
| Language Development: Cooing | Vowel Sounds babies make from 2-4 months. |
| Language Development: Babbling | Pairing of consonants and Vowel sounds. |
| Language Development: Gesturing | 9-10 months -Needed for conveying meaning -Understanding that language is for communication. |
| Language Development: Holophrase | Single words serve as a sentence. First stage of true speech in which gestures and intonation accompany words. |
| Language Development: Telegraphic Speech | A combination of more than one word between 1.5 and 2 years old. -Occurs during vocabulary explosion -Only includes what is essential |
| Language Development: Receptive Vocabulary | 10 months=30 words 13 months=100 words |
| Expressive Vocabulary | ? |
| Theories of Language Development: Nativist Perspective | There are preexisting, innate structures that enable infants to acquire language. |
| Theories of Language Development: Interactionist Perspective | Language development is influenced by its communicative function. Mastered through learning to communicate with others. |
| Critical Period | 1-7 years old. -Human brain activation is in the left hemisphere. |
Created by:
ssauseda