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Biology Ch. 11 Vocab
Biology Vocabulary Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Genetics | Scientific Study of Heredity |
| Fertilization | Process in Sexual Reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell. |
| Trait | Specific characteristic of an individual. |
| Hybrid | Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits. |
| Gene | Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait; factor that is passed from parent to offspring. |
| Allele | One of a number of different forms of a gene. |
| Principle of Dominance | Mendel's second conclusion, which states that some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. |
| Segregation | Separation of alleles during gamete formation. |
| Gamete | Sex cell. |
| Gregor Mendel | Father of modern genetics, an Austrian monk. |
| Homologous | Term used to refer to chromosomes in which one set comes from the male and one set comes from a female parent. |
| Diploid | Term used to refer to a cell that contains two sets of homologous chromosomes. |
| Haploid | Term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of genes. |
| Meiosis | Process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell. |
| Tetrad | Structure containing four chromatids that form during meiosis. |
| Crossing-over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. |
| Zygote | A fertilized egg. |
| How many sets of genes are found in most adult organisms? | The diploid cells of most adult organisms contain two complete sets of inherited chromosomes and two complete sets of genes. |
| What events occur during each phase of meiosis? (Prophase I) | In prophase I of meiosis, each replicated chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous. |
| What events occur during each phase of meiosis? (Metaphase I) | During metaphase I f meiosis, paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. |
| What events occur during each phase of meiosis? (Anaphase I) | During Anaphase I, spindle fibers pull each homologous chromosome pair toward opposite ends of the cell. |
| What events occur during each phase of meiosis? (Prophase II) | As the cells enter prophase II their chromosomes, each consisting of two chromatids, become visible. |
| What events occur during each phase of meiosis? (Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and Cytokinesis) | The final four phases of meiosis II are similar to those in meiosis I. However, the result is four haploid daughter cells. |
| How is meiosis different from mitosis? | In mitosis, when the two sets of genetic material separate, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate daughter cells. |
| How is meiosis different from mitosis? (Part II) | Mitosis does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. This is not the case of meiosis, which reduces the chromosome number by half. |
| How is meiosis different from mitosis? (Part III) | Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells, whereas meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells. |
| How can two alleles from different genes be inherited together? | Alleles of different genes tend to be inherited together from one generation to the next when those genes are located on the came chromosome. |
| Where does an organism get its unique characteristics? | An individual's characteristics are determined by factors that are passed from one parental generation to the next. |
| How are different forms of a gene distributed to offspring? | During gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other, so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene. |
| Probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur. |
| Homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a particular gene. |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a particular gene. |
| Phenotype | Physical characteristics of an organism. |
| Genotype | Genetic makeup of an organism. |
| Punnett Square | Diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross. |
| Independent Assortment | One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. |
| How can we use probability to predict traits? | Punnett squares use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses. |
| How do alleles segregate when more than one gene is involved? | The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. |
| What did Mendel contribute to our understanding of genetics? | Mendel's principles of heredity, observed through patterns of inheritance, form the basis of modern genetics. |
| Incomplete Dominance | Situation in which one allele is not completely dominate over another allele. |
| Co-Dominance | Situation in which the phenotypes produce by both alleles are completely expressed. |
| Multiple Alleles | A gene that has more than two alleles. |
| Polygenic Trait | Trait controlled by two or more genes. |
| What are some exceptions to Mendel's principles? | Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. |
| What are some exceptions to Mendel's principles? (Part 2) | Many genes exist in several different forms and are therefore said to have multiple alleles. |
| What are some exceptions to Mendel's principles? (Part 3) | Many traits are produced by the interactions of several genes. |
| Does the environment have a role in how genes determine traits? | Environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits. |
Created by:
Perseus99