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AWS Indust. Rev.
| Industrial Revolution | -early 1700 to 1800 change from man made to machine made goods, different source of power, G.B. first to industrialize |
| Agricultural Revolution | -Changes in the way crops are planted, grown, and harvested -Caused industrial revolution to start in G.B. |
| Crop Rotation | -Townshend,1730’s(planting one crop in 1 place 1 year,different crop next) nutrients go back in,the yield of crops increases along with the population,can feed more animals,more balanced diet=people live longer-impacts increased food production |
| New Farm Machines J. Tull- Seed Drill | - plants crops in an even row in the soil, making so animals do not eat them-impacts-saves time and money for farmers= plant more, there would be more food because more seed is grown |
| New Farm Machines Iron Plow | -used after wooden plow=wood did not work well and broke easily |
| New Farm Machines | -1800s= mechanical reapers, threshers=easier harvesting |
| Impact of New Farm Machines | -makes farming much easier, more efficient, food production will increase again -helps the middle class (wealthy ones) -poor farmers kicked out of their farms |
| Enclosure Movement | -(wealthy) land owners started to close off their land to farmers |
| Impacts of Enclosure Movement | -poor farmers have no land because it is being closed off, so they start looking for jobs in the cities -ag. more efficient -led to more experiments -forced small farmers off land= tenant farmers or emigrate to ?? |
| Impacts of Ag. Revolution | -increased food supply -improved diet and health of people -these two things caused ??-caused increase in population - less farmers needed=new labor force |
| Textile Industry | -making of clothes -Lowell Massachusetts first to industrialize in this industry |
| Domestic System (1500’s-1600’s) | -domestic=home -taking place in people’s homes -people had machines in their homes -cloth cleaned, spun and weaved |
| Problems with the Domestic System | -when one inventions happens, trying to keep the other caught up -homes were too small to house the machines -start making these machines in factories -slow process |
| Mechanical Invention- J. Kay | -flying shuttle -increased weaving process |
| Mechanical Invention- James Hargreaves | -spinning jenny -one person spins several threads at once |
| Mechanical Invention- Richard Arkwright | -water frame - spun 100 spindles -used h2o power |
| Mechanical Invention- Crompton | -spinning mule -improved Hargreaves and Arkwrights inventions |
| Mechanical Invention- Eli Whitney | -cotton gin |
| Factory System | -built because new machines large and expensive -need water to run -replaced domestic system |
| Steam Engine | -James Watt improves earlier steam engine -improves industry and transportation |
| Iron & Coal Industries | -children most often worked in mines because they were small enough to fit in the mines (no dynamite) -new machines= increased need for iron and coal -G.B. has large supply of coal and ore-also developments increase production of iron |
| Iron & Coal Industries H. Bessemer | -1850’s -would take iron (which often would crack and break easily=impurities) so when it is at it hottest, blow cold air into it and it takes away the impurities (makes so that you have a lot more opportunities) -helped remove impurities=stronger steal=? |
| Transportations and Communication Advances | -early roads were simply dirt -better roads (stone surfaces) -steam engine=railroads, steamships-can navigate up stream, cuts down time of travel -steel=faster trains |
| Impacts of Transportation and Communication Advances | -able to get raw materials somewhere faster, to make a item/good, then get the good somewhere to sell item/good -improved communication |
| Why did Britain lead to the Industrial Revolution? | They had people, raw material, lots of money, stable government, and first to change farming |
| What European nations industrialized rapidly after 1850? | Belgium, France Great Britain were European nations that industrialized rapidly after 1850. |
| Which European nations remained largely agricultural? | The nations of southern and eastern Europe were nations that remained largely agricultural. |
| Why were corporations and banks necessary to industrialize? | Because people deposited money in the banks and received interest from the bank for the use of their money, banks invested money in businesses and, the banks gave loans to people who needed money to start a business. |
| What are two reasons why the population of Europe increased in the 1800s? | 1.Agricultural Revolution improved diets of many people=healthier 2.Medical discoveries and public sanitation-reduced the # of deaths caused by disease |
| What problems did factory workers face in the industrial cities? | Low wages, poverty, hunger, disease, overcrowding, unsafe conditions, long work hours |
| How did the makeup of the middle class change during Industrial Revolution? | Merchants, mine owners, bankers and the middle class expanded. |
| How did the middle-class women differ from working-class women? | Working class=city middle class=outside of city; middle class-women rarely worked outside homes;domestic servants;lived in luxury working class-worked long days 10-16 hrs;after they got home they still had to take care of the house,family,cook,and clean |
| Are the differences between the middle-class and working class still evident today? | Working women work and then they have to go home and still take care of the family and house Middle class- stay at home women relate to this because they don’t have to go to work then come home and do all the other chores |
| Facts from “Poor working conditions led to calls for reform” Chapter 21.4 | -some violent protests -ex:1819 Manchester protest-80,000 ppl=soldiers fire on protesters |
| Facts from “Parliament Investigations (remember primary source)” Chapter 21.4 | -middle class opposed reforms b/c Laissez Faire attitude -wealthy landowners want reforms-upset with industrial changing way of life -Journalist and novelist help influence public-ex Charles Dickens -Results in laws:Factory Act 1833,Mines Act 1842,10 hrs |
| Facts from “Rise of Labor Unions” Chapter 21.4 | Union-group of workers trying to achieve better wages/hrs/conditions -usually based on trade (teachers,teamsters) -not liked-increase spending=decreased profits -skilled labor unions more bargaining power -strike effective tool to bargain |
| Facts from “Gains for Workers” Chapter 21.4 | -Wages doubles -Repeal of Combination acts-$ of goods decreases -safe working environment=increased population |
| Enclosure Movement | the fencing off of public lands by landowners |
| Factory System | workers and machines were brought together in one place to manufacture goods |
| Bessemer Process | blasts of cold air were blown through heated iron to remove impurities; the result was stronger, more workable steel |
| Two factors that led to the Agriculture Revolution in Britain. | 1.crop rotation 2.enclosure movement 3.iron plow |
| Why was the invention of the steam engine important to the Industrial Revolution? | Made so that goods and crops could be transported faster. Before they transported everything by water, and now the people were able to trade goods faster, increase in good production |
| Explain how improvements or inventions in one area of industry triggered changes in other areas. | Cotton gin= increase in cotton, decrease in slave trade When there is a surplus of one item,someone will invent a product/machine to make that the item in surplus was able to be made into product faster Railroad=allows things to get transported faster |
| What did Parliament begin doing in 1813? | investigating factory and mine conditions |
| What was the Factory Act of 1833? | limited workday for children, between ages 9 &13 boys and girls could work no more than 8 hours a day, children ages 14 to 18 could only work 12 hours a day |
| What was the Mines Act of 1842? | barred employers from hiring women or girls to work in mines and made 13 the minimum age for hiring boys |
| What was the Ten Hours Act? | limited work day for women and children under 18 years of age to 10 hours |
| What happened in 1874? | the 10 hour day was extended to all workers |
| What was significant about 1799 & 1800? | Parliament passed the Combination Acts to outlaw labor unions |
| What did London Dock workers do in 1889? | They were organized well enough to strike in support of higher wages, this Dock strike shut down world’s busiest ports |
| Laissez-faire | let people pick |
| Physiocrat | believed in natural laws, laissez-faire |
| Thomas Malthus | if gov't involved=greater strain on food supply |
| David Ricardo | Iron Law of wages -population and wages go in cycles - high wages=workers w/ children (increased pop.), Increased pop.=low wages=workers w/ less children |
| John Stewart Mill | -pushed for labor unions to improve working conditions -thought suffrage from men and women important |
| Jeremy Bentham | Laissez-faire ideas -gov't intervention only in case of harm |
| Socialists | -replace capitalism with communism or worker controlled businesses |
| Uptopain society | ideal society |
| Robert Owen | -Cotton Manufacture -goal: profitable business that treated workers well -Founded New Lanark to test ideas:high wages, better houses, schools, and goods sold at low price |
| Charles Fourier | -set up communities based on profit sharing -all communities failed |
| Kael Marx | -exiled from Germany -doesn't like capitalism -advocates communism= "Communist Manifesto" - utopians impractical -ideas= -bourgeoisie- middle class, "haves" - proletariat-working class "have nots" -proletariat will revolt=create a classless society |
| Bias | showing just one side of the information |
| Credible | able to be believed |
| How did the Factory system differ from the domestic system? | Domestic system- when things were made in the worker’s home and it took a very long time for things to get completed Factory system- when all the workers and machines were together in one building and the process was a lot faster |
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18ShoupK