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Anat/Phys Midterm
chapters 1-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule, | a water molecule is used |
| Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? | it is double stranded |
| The anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration take place in the | cytoplasm |
| An example of an anabolic reaction is | many monosaccharaides bonding forming glycogen |
| An example of an anabolic reaction is | Mutations, SNPs and changes in copy number |
| A part of a gene that is a DNA sequence 333 nucleotides long encodes ___ amino acids. | 111 |
| Transcription and translation differ in that | transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein |
| An enzyme is | a molecule usually a protein that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction activation evergy |
| Catabolism refers to | chemical reactions that release energy. |
| What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells? | They capture energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used in various cell processes. |
| Energy is defined as | the ability to do work. |
| DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence | AUG |
| A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is | ATP |
| Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. | lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds |
| The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are: | substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released and recycled. |
| The genetic code is | the correspondence between a sequence of three DNA nucleotides and a specific amino acid. |
| One reason that protein synthesis is important is that | enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism. |
| A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. | a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc |
| Anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration | break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules. occur in the absence of oxygen. transfer energy to ATP molecules. |
| An active site of an enzyme is | the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate. |
| In cellular respiration, | energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules. |
| The metabolome includes | all of the small molecules that are part of metabolism. |
| A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is | glycogen |
| Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? | ATP |
| A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence | UUGCCACGUGGUGCC. |
| The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is | a gap junction. |
| Of the four major types of membranes, the one consisting of dense connective tissue overlying loose connective tissue is | synovial membrane. |
| Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the | heart |
| A (An) _______ gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. | compound |
| Epithelial tissue functions in | secretion, absorption, and protection. |
| Areolar tissue contains | collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance. |
| Epithelial membranes are typically composed of | epithelium and underlying connective tissue. |
| A (An) ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. | simple |
| The tissue that forms the inner lining of the respiratory passages is | mucus-secreting, ciliated, and pseudostratified. |
| Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of | dense regular connective tissue. |
| Embryonic stem cells growing in a lab dish are bathed in a "cocktail" of chemicals that cause them to specialize into branching networks of single-nucleated cells that pulsate in unison. This tissue is most likely | cardiac muscle |
| The basis of using proteomics to describe tissues is that | different cell types produce different sets of mRNAs. |
| Elastic connective tissue forms | branching networks or parallel strands. |
| The differences among merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretions are the | amount of cytoplasm secreted along with the glandular product. |
| Collagen is a major component of | bone. ligaments and tendons. connective tissue. |
| The type of intercellular junction that functions as a rivet or "spot weld" is a(n) | desmosome |
| Which of the following is not true about the extracellular matrix? | It is the same in all tissues. |
| Extracellular matrix consists of | ground substance and protein fibers. |
| A serous membrane consists of a | layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar tissue. |
| Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? | eye tissue |
| An engineered tissue might include | stem cells. progenitor cells. a scaffold built of synthetic materials |
| Functions of neuroglia include which of the following? | They support and bind nervous tissue and provide nutrients and growth factors to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels. |
| Intercellular junctions connect | Blood platelets |
| The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and many of the urinary passageways is | transitional |
| Shafts of hair are composed of | dead epidermal cells. |
| The flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin are | cadherins. |
| Inflammation | is a normal response to stress or injury. |
| A woman undergoes coronary bypass surgery, in which a blood vessel from her leg is moved to her heart, where it supplements the blood supply following a heart attack. This procedure is a(n) | autograft |
| The advantage of cryo-electron tomography is that it | preserves intercellular junctions. |
| An organ consists of | two or more tissues grouped together that function together. |
| The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate | muscles and glands in the dermis. |
| The dermis is composed largely of | dense irregular connective tissue. |
| In a condition called incontinentia pigmenti, the skin has deep dark splotches, due to melanin that seeps down into the dermis. Normally, melanin is confined to the | epidermis. |
| In the inherited disease ichythyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the | epidermis. |
| Skin cancer is most likely to develop from | nonpigmented epithelial cells. |
| The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much | carotene |
| Skin cells play an important role in producing | vitamin D. |
| Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? | Dermal blood vessels constrict. |
| Corns are | keratinized conical masses on toes. |
| Epidermis is ________________, whereas dermis is ________________. | composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes |
| Skin wrinkles with age because | fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks. |
| The human integumentary system includes | skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands. |
| Hypothermia is | a lowered body temperature. |
| Reddened skin reflects | dilated blood vessels with more blood entering the dermis. |
| Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands | in type of secretion. in their location. in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles. |
| In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the ________ may be absent. | stratum lucidum |
| Eccrine sweat glands | respond primarily to elevated body temperature. |
| Which of the following happens first after a scab forms? | fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers. |
| Sebaceous glands secrete | fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum. |
| Which of the following must the human body obtain from the environment in order to survive? | Water |
| Homeostasis is the | tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. |
| The origin of the term "anatomy" is related to | the Greek word for "cutting up." |
| The removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions is | excretion. |
| Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system? | The bulbourethral gland |
| The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates | responsiveness. |
| In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is | the cell |
| Which of the following is not true of organelles? | They are only in cells of humans. |
| The term "physiology" is related to | the Greek for "relationship to nature." |
| Cell death first occurs | in the fetus |
| An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __________ section. | sagittal |
| Living organisms use oxygen to __________________. | release energy stored in the molecules of food |
| Which of the following processes is most important to continuation of the human species? | Reproduction |
| Blood cells are produced in the organs of the _______ system. | skeletal |
| Assimilation is | changing absorbed substances into different chemical forms. |
| A parietal layer of a serous membrane _______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. | lines cavities; covers organs |
| When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? | The palms are facing backward. |
| One characteristic that centenarians share is | never having smoked. |
| The thoracic cavity lies _____________ the abdominopelvic cavity. | superior to |
| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of | neutrons. |
| Bases reacting with acids form ________ and water. | salts |
| A triglyceride consists of | 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol. |
| The pH scale measures the | concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. |
| The atomic number of an atom equals the number of ______ and the atomic weight equals the ____. | protons; number of protons plus neutrons |
| The type of organic molecule that can replicate is a | nucleic acid. |
| The ______ uses iodine in a synthesis reaction. | thyroid gland |
| In a covalent bond | atoms share a pair or more of electrons. |
| A complete atom is electrically neutral because the number of | electrons and protons are equal. |
| Which of the following substances is an element? | Iron |
| PET imaging follows the emission of | positrons |
| The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is | tenfold |
| Chemistry deals with | the composition and changes of substances that make up living as well as non-living matter. |
| In the body, oxygen | is used during cellular respiration. |
| A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is | neutral |
| An example of a biomarker is | cholesterol |
| The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of | hydrogen bonds. |
| When forming a bond, an atom that has 3 electrons in its second shell and a filled first shell will | lose 3 electrons from its second shell. |
| Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. | have more single carbon-carbon bonds |
| Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? | They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. They provide much of the energy that the cell requires. They include sugars and starches. |
| About how many cells comprise the body of an adult? | 50 to 100 trillion |
| Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by deficiency of a protein in the outer membrane of | peroxisomes. |
| Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? | Facilitated diffusion |
| For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? | Endoplasmic reticulum-a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion |
| The organelle where energy is captured and stored in the chemical bonds of ATP is a | mitochondrion. |
| Which of the following describes a lysosome? | A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris |
| Bone cells and muscle cells differ in structure and function because | each expresses a different subset of genes. |
| Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? | The amount of energy available for transport molecules |
| The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration requires | hydrostatic pressure. |
| Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic | Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic |
| The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is the | greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. |
| A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) | integral protein. |
| Osmosis is the movement of | water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| As a cell grows, | its surface area increases to a lesser degree than its volume. |
| A hypotonic solution | has a lower concentration (number) of solute particles than do the cells in the solution. |
| Stem cells taken from a person to be used to treat a disease in that same person come from | existing cell populations or reprogrammed cells. |
| If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, | the cell will swell and may eventually burst. |
| The cellular abnormality that causes cystic fibrosis is | abnormal chloride channels that trap salt inside cells lining the lung passageways. |
| Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? | A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move |
| The average number of divisions that a human cell cultured in a dish can undergo is | 40-60. |
| The clavicles | provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, and upper limbs. |
| Which is true of sex hormones? | They stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates. |
| Which one of the following is true? | Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae. |
| Bacteria infecting the mucous membranes in the air cells of the mastoid process most likely spread from the | middle ear. |
| The hard palate is composed of the | maxillary and palatine bones. |
| Endochondral ossification ______, whereas intramembranous ossification ______. | replaces hyaline cartilage; replaces undifferentiated connective tissue |
| Which of the following are components of the pelvic girdle? | hip bones. |
| The thyroid hormone thyroxine ______. | stimulates replacement of cartilage with bone in the epiphyseal plate |
| The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of | the zygomatic and temporal bones. |
| Cells that remove excess bone tissue after fracture repair are | osteoclasts and phagocytes. |
| Osteoclasts are | cells that break down bone matrix. |
| Which of the following increases the risk of developing osteoporosis? | Low intake of dietary calcium Lack of physical exercise Family history of the condition |
| A cleft palate results from incomplete development of the | maxillae. |
| A compound fracture | exposes the broken bone to the outside. |
| The zygomatic bone is an example of a(n) | irregular bone. |
| Which of the following is not found associated with spongy bone? | Osteons |
| Which of the following is the most abundant form in which calcium is found in the inorganic matrix of the bone? | Hydroxyapatite |
| Which of the following describes a female's pelvis compared to a male's pelvis? | A cavity that is wider in all dimensions, with lighter bones. |
| In a child, a vitamin D deficiency results in ______, whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ______. | rickets; retardation of bone development |
| A 6mo old baby 2 the hospital w/ broken bone.3rd fracture in the otherwise healthy child. The parents r arrested on child abuse. The defense lawyer gets the charges dropped after the results of genetic tests indicate which of the following conditions? | Osteogenesis imperfecta |
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