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8th Grade Science
Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| rigid layer that includes the upper part of the mantle and the crust | lithosphere |
| solid material beneath the asthenosphere | lower mantle |
| soft layer just below the lithosphere | asthenosphere |
| The asthenosphere is not considered solid because it can bend like plastic. | false |
| The mantle is nearly 3,000 kilometers thick. | true |
| The Earth's outer core contains | iron and nickel |
| The Earth's inner core is under | extreme pressure |
| Describes how a compass needle aligns itself. | It aligns itself with the magnetic field. |
| What creates the Earth's magnetic field? | the iron and nickel in the core |
| movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object | heat transfer |
| 3 types of heat transfer - radiation | transfer of energy through an empty space |
| 3 types of heat transfer - conduction | heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter |
| 3 types of heat transfer - convection | heat transfer by movement of heated fluid |
| measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance | density |
| the constant flow of fluid creates a convection current | convection current |
| What 3 factors set convection currents in motion? | 1) heating and cooling of fluid; 2) the fluid's density; 3) the force of gravity |
| Heat from Earth's mantle and core cause | convection currents to form the asthenosphere |
| Layer of the earth that is part crust and part mantle | lithosphere |
| rock that makes up oceanic crust | basalt |
| molten material | magma |
| innermost layer of the Earth | core |
| study of planet earth | geology |
| the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called | plates |
| supercontinent; name means "all land" in Greek | Pangea |
| long range of mountains found in all of Earth's oceans hundreds of meters under water | mid-ocean ridges |
| process that continually adds material to the ocean floor | sea floor spreading |
| the layer of the lower mantle that can flow is the | asthenosphere |
| Most scientists rejected Wegener's theory of continental drift because the theory failed to explain | how the continents move |
| the process that powers plate tectonics is | convection |
| When earthquakes occur, they produce - waves of energy that travel through earth's layers. Seismic waves says how fast that they travel | seismic waves |
| as you travel into the Earth's core, temperature and this would change | pressure |
| heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter | conduction |
| Currents in the liquid outer core force the solid inner core to spin slightly faster than the rest of the Earth. These currents create this in the earth. | a layer of molten material |
| When all the materials within a solution reach the same temperature | convection currents stop |
| 2 rocks that make up Earth's crust (one under the water and one under land) | basalt and granite |
| 2 parts of the mantle | lithosphere and asthenosphere |
| 2 metals that make up the core | nickel and iron |
| 3 types of heat transfer | conduction, convection, and radiation |
| 3 forms of evidence that Wegener used to prove continental drift | landforms, fossils, and climate |
| 2 forms of evidence that Hess used to prove sea floor spreading | molten material and mid-ocean ridges |
| 3 scientists associated with the Theory of Plate Tectonics and their contribution | Wegener - continental drift; Hess sea floor spreading; Wilson as one of the founders of modern plate tectonic |
| classify as solid or liquid: crust | solid |
| lithosphere | solid |
| asthenosphere | liquid |
| outer core | liquid |
| inner core | solid |
| section of the lithosphere that carries crust | plate |
| part of mantle below lithosphere | aethenosphere |
| kind of wave released during an earthquake | seismic |
| the innermost layer of Earth | core |
| used to map mid-ocean ridge | radar |
| layer that is part crust and part mantle | lithosphere |
| rock that makes up oceanic crust | basalt |
| study of planet Earth | geology |
| kind of valley where plates move apart | rift |
| Earth's middle layer | mantle |
| Earth's outer layer | crust |
| the gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological line | continental drift |
| the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in a rock | fossil |
| the transfer of energy through an empty space | radiation |
| process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away | sea-floor spreading |
| measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance | density |
| the continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it | pressure |
| for every 40 meters that you desend, the temperature rises 1 degree. | journey to the center of the earth |
| the force pushing on the surface or underground | pressure |
| Which layer is everything that covers the earth's surface? | crust |
| How thick is the earth's crust? | anywhere 5-40 kilometers thick made out of basalt and granite |
| the layer of hot rock beneath the crust | mantle |
| crust plus mantle = | lithosphere |
| how thick is lithosphere? | 100 kilometers |
| the lower layer is called? | asthenosphere |
| the entire mantle is how thick? | 3000 km thick |
| inner most part of the Earth | core |
| made up of 2 layers | inner and outer |
| core makes up ? of earth's mass | 1/3 of the earth's mass |
| but how much volume? | 15 percent of earth's volume |
| layer of core that is made up of molten metal that surrounds the inner core | outer |
| dense ball of solid because the pressure makes it solid | inner |
| Earth's magnetic field | currents in the liquid outer core force the solid inner core to spin at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet. These currents also produce a magnetic field which causes the planet to act like a giant bar magnet. |
Created by:
clt088