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What is a more difficult than the presidency?
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What do reformers believe?
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Chapter 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a more difficult than the presidency? | Getting elected to the position. |
| What do reformers believe? | That the cure for the problems of democracy is more democracy. |
| Who said that "American politicians do too little governing because they are always 'running scared' in today's perpetual campaign"? | Anthony King. |
| About how many elected officials are in this country? | Half a million. |
| What are the two types of campaigns in American politics? | Nomination campaigns and Election campaigns. |
| What is a nomination? | A party's official endorsement of a candidate for office. |
| What is a campaign strategy? | The master game plan candidates lay out to guide their electoral campaign. |
| What is the national party convention? | The supreme power within each of the parties, which functions to formally select presidential and vice presidential candidates and to write the party platform. |
| At each party's national convention, who meets to cast their votes? | State delegations. |
| "Bosses" could control what? | Who went to the convention and how the state's delegates voted once they got there. |
| How many states left the choice of convention delegates and to the party elites through the 1960s? | 35 |
| What caused people to rethink the traditional elite dominated closed procedures for selecting convention candidates? | The democratic Part's disastrous 1968 convention. |
| Where did the 1968 Democratic Convention take place? | Chicago. |
| Under the New rules, all delegate selection procedures were required to be what? | Open. |
| What are "super delegates"? | People who are awarded automatic slots as delegates based on the office they currently hold, such as being a member of Congress or of their party's national committee. |
| In practice, the Democratic and Republican nominees are determined by what? | The results of the primaries and caucuses. |
| What is a caucus? | A system for selecting convention delegates in which voters must attend an open meeting to express their presidential preference. |
| What is the invisible primary? | The wooing of support from elected officials, top fundraisers, and skilled political aides. |
| What are a regular feature of the presidential nomination process? | Televised debates. |
| Caucuses test what? | Candidates' strategic acuity, organizational strength, and intensity of support. |
| Barack Obama had experience as what before he entered politics? | A community organizer. |
| Who was Obama's 2008 campaign manager? | David Plouffe. |
| What are the first test of the candidates' vote-getting ability? | The Iowa caucuses. |
| Who took his first big presidential step by winning Iowa in 1976? | Jimmy Carter. |
| Of what state was Jimmy Carver the governor? | Georgia. |
| Obama made the cover of which two major weekly magazines? | Time and Newsweek. |
| The results from Iowa usually serve to winnow down to what? | The number of viable candidates for the primaries to come. |
| What happens in "presidential primaries"? | A state's voters go to the polls to express their preference for a party's nominee for president. |
| What state Traditionally has the first primary? | New Hampshire. |
| Over a fifth of What of the the nomination races has been devoted to the New Hampshire primary? | TV Coverage. |
| What is "front loading"? | The tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calender in order to capitalize on media attention. |
| What is the only recent instance in which all 50 states mattered and "front loading" was not an issue? | The 2008 race between Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama. |
| What happens if a candidate doesn't do well in Iowa and New Hampshire? | Money and the media attention dry up quickly. |
| What is "the big mo"? | Momentum. |
| What are the "proving grounds" during the nomination process? | Primaries and Caucuses. |
| Why is momentum no guarantee of victory? | Because candidates with a strong base sometimes bounce back. |
| Since running for the presidency has become a full-time job, which people find it difficult to run? | Prominent Politicians. |
| Voters in primaries and caucuses are not representatives of voters at large and so tend to be what? | Older and more affluent than average. |
| Barack Obama says the party convention serves as what? | A week long infomercial for the party and its nominee. |
| What is the "party platform"? | A political party's statement of its goals and policies for the for the next four years. |
| What is the main order of business at the convention? | Formally nominating a candidate for president. |
| When was the last time a convention took more than one ballot to decide a nomination? | 1952. |
| The word "campaign" originated as what kind of term? | Military. |
| Why does the artistry enter the campaign picture? | Because campaigns deal in images. |
| Campaigning, like American politics, is heavily dependent on what? | Technology. |
| What is a method of raising money for a political cause or candidate in which information and requests for money are sent to lists of people? | Direct Mail. |
| Who pioneered the mas mailing list? | Richard Viguerie. |
| Candidates Must use what to stay competitive? | The media and computer technology. |
| The most important goal of any media campaign is what? | To get attention. |
| Media attention is determined by what two factors? | How candidates use their advertising budget and the "free" attention they get as news makers. |
| Almost every logistical in a campaign is what? | Calculated according to its intended media impact. |
| Half the total budget for a campaign will be used for what? | Campaign commercials. |
| Political ads are designed in a large part to prompt what? | People's thinking. |
| Political ads tend to heighten what? | Conflict. |
| Candidates believe that What are a crucial part of their campaign? | Their policy positions. |
| What is Roger Ailes theory of American politics? | The "orchestra pit" theory. |
| Who runs a candidate's campaign? | The campaign manager. |
| Who feeds the candidate information needed to keep up with events? | Policy advisers. |
| Who helps a candidate make deadlines with stories about the campaign? | A press secretary. |
| There is much concern that wealthy campaign contributions are doing what? | Buying special influence over public policy decisions. |
| What are campaign contributions? | Donations that are made directly to a candidate or a party. |
| What are independent expenditures? | Expenses on behalf of a political message that are made by groups that are uncoordinated with any candidates campaign. |
| What is the Federal Election Campaign Act? | A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign contributions. |
| What does this law provide for? | Limits on and disclosure of campaign contributions. |
| What are political action committees? | Groups that raise money from individuals and then distribute it in the form of contributions to candidates that the group supports. |
| What is the Federal Election Commission? | A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. |
| What does it do? | It administers and enforces campaign finance laws. |
| Candidates and parties must file what with the commission? | Regular detailed contribution and expenditure reports. |
| Who says that detailed reports of American campaign contributions and expenditures have "become a wonder of the democratic world"? | Frank Sorauf. |
| What portion of the 1974 campaign finance law has withered into irrelevance? | The system of using taxpayer dollars to pay a substantial part of the cost of presidential campaigns. |
| How is this money collected? | A $3 voluntary check-off box on the federal income tax returns. |
| What percent of taxpayers currently check the box? | About 7 percent. |
| What is the result of this? | It limits the amount of money available. |
| What is "soft money"? | Political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at the grassroots level or for generic party advertising. |
| These contributions were banned by what? | The McCain-Feingold Act. |
| McConnell vs.Federal Election Commission banned what? | Unlimited contributions directly to the political parties. |
| What is the "hydraulic theory of money and politics"? | The money, like water, inevitably finds its way around any obstacle. |
| What are 527 groups? | Independent political groups are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly seek the election of particular candidates. |
| These contributions have to be reported to what agency? | The IRS. |
| Who is David Bossie? | President of the Citizens United. |
| What is Citizens United? | A conservative nonprofit organization. |
| What did they produce in 2008? | Hillary: The Movie. |
| What did the FEC Rule about it? | That the movie was unlawful electioneering. |
| What did Citizens United do? | It successfully sued. |
| What did this establish? | The right of any group to engage in independent political expenditures. |
| What are 501(c) groups? | Groups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions. |
| What does the tax code specify about such groups? | That they cannot spend more than half their funds on political activities. |
| They may accept donations of any size and can endorse candidates. | |
| These have to be reported to what agency? | The FEC. |
| What is "the doctrine of sufficiency"? | More important than having "more" money is having "enough" money. |
| Who said it? | Herbert Alexander. |
| What is selective perception? | The phenomenon that people's beliefs often guide what they pay the most attention to and how they interpret events. |
| What is suffrage? | The legal right to vote in the United States, gradually extended to virtually all citizens over the age of 18. |
| What two groups are not allowed to vote? | Non-citizens and convicted criminals. |
| What is political efficacy? | The belief that one's political participation really matters. |
| What is the Motor Voter Act? | A 1993 act that requires states to permit people to register to vote when they apply for a driver's license. |
| What is the mandate theory of elections? | The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms on politics. |
| What is the best single predictor of a voter's decision? | Party affiliation. |
| When does policy voting occur? | When people base their choices in an election on their own issue preferences. |
| What, instead of the popular vote, determines who becomes president? | The Electoral College. |
| What are battleground states? | The Key states that the presidential campaigns focus on because they are the most likely to decide the outcome of the Electoral College vote. |
| Today's campaigns promote what in American politics? | Individualism. |
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