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all fungi are (a)sybiotic (b) heterotrophic (c) flagellaged (d) decomposers
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Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (a) ascospores (b) basidiospores (c) zygosporangia (d) conidiophores
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Test 3 Prep
Biology 2 Exam 3 study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| all fungi are (a)sybiotic (b) heterotrophic (c) flagellaged (d) decomposers | (b) heterotrophic |
| Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (a) ascospores (b) basidiospores (c) zygosporangia (d) conidiophores | (d) conidiophores |
| The closest living relatives of fungi are | animals |
| The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is: | an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition. |
| Among the characteristics unique to animals is | gastrulation |
| The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of | True Tissues |
| Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion? a. emergence of predator-prey relationships b. atmospheric oxygen concentration increases c. movement of animals onto land d. origin of Hox genes | (c) movement of animals onto land |
| Bacteria perform the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis? a. skin commensalist b. decomposer c. gut mutualist d. pathogen | Decomposer |
| Plantlike photosynthesis that releases O2 occurs in | cyanobacteria |
| In cases of non-resistant bacteria, antibiotics may relieve symptoms in a few weeks, but the infection has not been eliminated. Patients stop taking their medication because they feel better. How might this lead to drug-resistant pathogens? | those bacteria that are resistant to the initial doses of the antibiotic survive and when the antibiotic is stopped, those bacteria that were able to survive may then be passed on and the drug-resistance becomes the dominant trait. |
| How many monophyletic phyla do fungi have? | seven |
| Basidiomycetes are important decomposers | of wood and other plant material |
| cytoplasmic streaming | this allows for fungus to grow so fast because cell walls are gone, cytoplasmic contents of other cells can contribute to growth at the end of the cell |
| all fungi share which of the following characteristics: A) symbiotic B) heterotrophic C) flagellated D) pathogenic E) act as decomposers | b) Heterotrophic |
| which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? A) the absense of chitin in cell walls B) coenocytic hyphae C) flagellated spores D) formation of resistand zygosporangia E) Parasitic lifstyle | C) Flagellated Spores |
| Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) condidiophores E) ascocarps | D) condidiophores |
| The photosynthetic symbiont of a lichen is often: A) a moss B) a green alga C) a brown alga D) an ascomycete E) a small vascular plant | B) a green alga |
| among the organisms here which are thought to be the clostest relatives of fungi? A) animals B) vascular plants C) mosses D) brown algae E) slime molds | A) Animals |
| the adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to | D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absoptive nutrition |
| Which describes Fungi correctly? A) phototrophs B) chemotrophs C) photoautotrophs D) heterotrophs | D) heterotrophs |
| what antibiotic is derived from fungi? | penicillin |
| Leaf Cutter Attini Ants | grow fungi in fungal gardens by feeding them leaves, fungus decomposes leaves, ant eats leaves. Obigator symbiosis |
| Armillaria | kills deciduous and conifers, worlds largest organims, dissolves roots |
| aspergillus flavus | Aflatoxin - carcinogen, found corn, cotton. Salem witch trials had possible aflatoxin poisoning (causes hallucinations in small doses) |
| candida, a fungus, causes______ in humans | thrush, yeast infections (vagina is acidic, which usually prevents yeast infections) |
| Other human diseases caused by fungus | athlete's foot and nail fungus |
| Batrachochytrium dendrobactids | chytrid fungus (infects skins of frogs) - causes worldwide amphibian decline - likely interferes with gas and water exchange |
| why are fungal infections hard to treat? | because fungus are eukaryotes (and so are humans!) |
| cordyceps fungus causes | ZOMBIE ANTS - parasitoid, eventually kills the host. Affects host behavior so increases spore spreading, puts host at risk by forcing them to crawl towards the top of the canopy. |
| What are practical uses of fungi? | bioremediation - breaks down industrial waste. can also be used for food and medicine. |
| All ____________ have symbiotic algae | corals |
| Animals are Heterotrophs - | consumes other organisms, cannot produce own food. |
| Herbivores | eats plants/autotrophs |
| Carnivores | eats heterotrophs |
| Omnivores | eats both heterotrophs and autotrophs |
| Detritvores | eats decomposing organic material |
| Animals are multicellular | meaning they have 2+ cells |
| Animals have no cell walls | limitation in size because of the alternate support structure (exo/endo skeleton) |
| Animals have unique tissues associated with movement: | (except sponges have no tissues) Muscle and nervous tissue |
| Animals have active movement: | walking, flying, swimming etc |
| Animals have what form of reproduction? | sexual |
| Pattern of Embryonic Development: | 1. Zygote - cleavage/cell division 2. Morula - mass of cells 3. Blastula - hollow ball of cells 4. Gastrulataion forms the blastopore 5. Gastrula with Archenteron |
| What percentage of the 10 million animal species are invertebrates? | 99% |
| How many animal phyla are there? | 35-40 |
| Where to animal species tend to cluster? | diversity hotspots - near the equator |
| There is evidence that what are closely related to animals? | choanoflagelletes (they are identical to collar cells of sponges) |
| Neoproterozoic Era | 1 billion - 542 MYA. Ediacarns -soft bodied multicellular eukaryotes. Microscopic fossils resemble present day embryos. |
| Paleozoic Era | 542-251 MYA |
| Cambrian Explosion | 535-525 MYA |
| 4 possible reasons for Cambrian Explosion | 1. evolution of predators, natural selection 2. Increase in amount of oxygen selected for higher VO2 and increased size 3. Origin of HOX genes 4. diversity and mass extinctions |
| result of Cambrian explosion | fish emerged as top predators, also amniotes and amphibians originated |
| Arthropods came to land when? | 460 MYA |
| Vertebrates came to land when? | 365 MYA |
| Mesozoic Era | 251-65.5 MYA coral reefs developed thanks to cooling temps dinosaurs/birds (experiment of megafauna) first mammals (small, rodent sized) |
| Cenozoic Era | 65.5 MYA- present mass extinction climate cooled on planet |
| Example of asymmetrical body plans | sponges and porifera |
| Examples of radial symmetry | cnidaria and ctenophoria |
| bilateral symmetry | left and right, dorsal and ventral, anterior and posterior |
| Germ Layers | embryos become layered with tissue types during gastrulation that will form tissues and organs |
| Diploblastic germ layers occur in which animals, and what are the layers? | radial animals - ectoderm and endoderm |
| Triploblastic germ layers occur in which animals, and what are the layers? | bilateral animals - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. |
| When was the Cambrian Explosion and what era was it in? | 535-525 MYA during the Paleozoic Era |
| How does the Mesozoic era end? | Ends with mass extinction where asteroid hits earth where a giant cloud of debris directly kills a lot of things and blotted out the sun. Forest fires and volcanic activity sparked by this. |
| what did the cooler climate in the cenozoic era allow for? | varied biomes - before was mostly desert and tropics. Several adaptations arose because of this |
| What survives extinction events better? | Megafauna doesnt survive, little creatures survive better. |
| cephalization | concentration on the head |
| The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e. have an amine group attached) molecules of β-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) all correct E) Two are correct. | E. insect exoskeleton, fungal cell walls |
| If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed? | prokaryotes |
| When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon after? A) fungal haustoria B) soredia C) fungal enzymes D) increased oxygen levels E) larger bacterial populations | fungal enzymes |
| Which of the following is a characteristic of hyphate fungi? | adapted for rapid directional growth to new food sources. |
| What do fungi and arthropods have in common? | The protective coats of both groups are made of chitin. |
| In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? | pores in cross-walls |
| What accounts most directly for the extremely fast growth of a fungal mycelium? | rapid distribution of synthesized proteins by cytoplasmic streaming |
| The vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are A) composed of hyphae. B) referred to as a mycelium. C) usually underground. D) all of the above | D) all of the above |
| Both fungus-farming ants and their fungi can synthesize the same structural polysaccharide from the β-glucose. What is this polysaccharide? A) amylopectin B) chitin C) cellulose D) lignin E) glycogen | B) Chitin |
| Consider two hyphae having equal dimensions: one from a septate species and the other from a coenocytic species. Compared with the septate species, the coenocytic species should have | less chitin. |
| Immediately after karyogamy occurs, which term applies? A) plasmogamy B) heterokaryotic C) dikaryotic D) diploid | d) Diploid |
| Which description does not apply equally well to both sexual and asexual spores? A) have haploid nuclei B) represent the dispersal stage C) are produced by meiosis D) upon germination, will subsequently undergo S phase and mitosis | C) are produced by meiosis |
| Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei A) 1 or 2 B) 1 or 3 C) 2 or 3 D) 2 or 4 E) 3 or 4 | C) 2 or 3 |
| After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a | similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell. |
| In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently | results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells. |
| If all of their nuclei are equally active transcriptionally, then the cells of both dikaryotic and heterokaryotic fungi, in terms of the gene products they can make, are essentially | diploid |
| Which process occurs in fungi and has the opposite effect on a cell's chromosome number than does meiosis I? A) mitosis B) plasmogamy C) crossing over D) binary fission E) karyogamy | E) karyogamy |
| true or false regarding deuteromycetes? They are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage. | true |
| Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants? | colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells |
| Which of the following characteristics is shared by both chytrids and other kinds of fungi? A) presence of flagella B) zoospores C) autotrophic mode of nutrition D) cell walls of cellulose E) nucleotide sequences of several genes | E) nucleotide sequences of several genes |
| The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen A) due to common ancestry. B) by convergent evolution. C) by inheritance of acquired traits. D) by natural means, and is a homology. E) by serial endosymbioses. | B) by convergent evolution. |
| Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the "bud" cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell? | It should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time. |
| Many infected animals are induced by the parasitic microsporidians to develop huge cells, known as xenomas, which are full of spores. Given their large size, what should be true of the xenomas? | The parasite must endow the xenoma with some way to overcome its unfavorable |
| What are the sporangia of the bread mold Rhizopus? A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores B) asexual structures that produce diploid spores C) sexual structures that produce haploid spores D) sexual structures that produce diploid spores | A) asexual structures that produce haploid spores |
| Which of these paired fungal structures are structurally and functionally most alike? A) conidia and basidiocarps B) sporangia and hyphae C) soredia and gills D) haustoria and arbuscules E) zoospores and mycelia | D) haustoria and arbuscules |
| You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? A) zygomycete B) ascomycete C) deuteromycete D) chytrid E) basidiomycete | B) ascomycete |
| Which of the following has the least affiliation with all of the others? A) Glomeromycota B) mycorrhizae C) lichens D) arbuscules E) mutualistic fungi | C) lichens |
| Arrange the following from largest to smallest: 1. ascospore 2. ascocarp 3. ascomycete 4. ascus A) 3 → 4 → 2 → 1 B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 C) 3 → 4 → 1 → 2 D) 2 → 3 → 4 → 1 E) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 | B) 3 → 2 → 4 → 1 |
| Among sac fungi, what distinguishes ascospores from conidia? | Ascospores have undergone genetic recombination during their production, whereas conidia have not. |
| A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. What accounts for the fungal movement | cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae |
| In what structures do both Penicillium and Aspergillus produce asexual spores? A) asci B) zygosporangia C) rhizoids D) gametangia E) conidiophores | E) conidiophores |
| Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as A) antibodies. B) aflatoxins. C) hallucinogens. D) antigens. E) antibiotics. | E) antibiotics. |
| Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and A) mosses. B) cyanobacteria. C) green algae. D) Three of these responses are correct. E) Two of these responses are correct. | E) Two of these responses are correct. |
| In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? A) carbohydrates B) fixed nitrogen C) antibiotics D) water and minerals E) protection from harmful UV | D) water and minerals |
| describe the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens? | Photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae. |
| If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that | lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships. |
| When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers: | fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae. |
| Which of the following terms refers to symbiotic relationships that involve fungi living between the cells in plant leaves? A) pathogens B) endosymbioses C) endophytes D) lichens E) mycorrhizae | C) endophytes |
| If Penicillium typically secretes penicillin without disturbing the lichen relationship in which it is engaged, then what must have been true about its partner? | A) It should have lacked peptidoglycan in its cell wall. |
| Sexual reproduction has never been observed among the fungi that produce the blue-green marbling of blue cheeses. What is true of these fungi and others that do not have a sexual stage? | Their spores are probably produced by mitosis. |
| Both fungus-derived antibiotics and hallucinogens used by humans probably evolved in fungi as a means to | reduce competition for nutrients. |
| A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island? | soredia |
| Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants' A) leaf mesophyll. B) stem apical meristems. C) root apical meristems D) xylem. E) waxy cuticle. | leaf mesophyll. |
| Which of the following conditions is caused by a fungus that is accidentally consumed along with rye flour? A) ergotism B) athlete's foot C) ringworm D) candidiasis (Candida yeast infection) E) coccidioidomycosis | A) ergotism |
| If a single, diploid G2 nucleus in an ascus contains 400 nanograms (ng) of DNA, then a single ascospore nucleus of this species should contain how much DNA (ng), carried on how many chromosomes? | 100, carried on 7 chromosomes |
| What is the ploidy of a single mature ascospore? A) monoploid B) diploid C) triploid D) tetraploid E) polyploid | A) monoploid |
| Each of the eight ascospores present at the end of mitosis has the same chromosome number and DNA content (ng) as each of the four cells at the end of meiosis. What must have occurred in each spore between the round of meiosis and the round of mitosis? | S phase |
| Some fungi can exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae. Which of these forms would be most favorable in an environment where nutrients are limited? | a longer filamentous hypha |
| Given the eukaryotic structures they lack, it should be expected that microsporidians also lack A) the "9 + 2 pattern" of microtubules. B) chitin. C) lysosomes. D) nuclei. E) centrosomes. | the "9 + 2 pattern" of microtubules. |
| The lifestyle of microsporidians is most similar to that of A) scavengers. B) viruses. C) free-living yeasts. D) ectoparasites. | B) viruses. |
| Which of the following microsporidian features are shared with many other fungi? 1. chitinous cell wall 2. two haploid nuclei per cell 3. polar filament 4. chemoheterotrophy A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 3 C) 1 and 4 D) 1, 2, and 4 E) 2, 3, and 4 | D) 1, 2, and 4 |
| Apart from direct amphibian-to-amphibian contact, what is the most likely means by which the zoospores spread from one free-living amphibian to another? A) by wind-blown spores B) by flagella C) by cilia D) by pseudopods E) by hyphae | B) by flagella |
| Which of the following are protists, the organisms thought to share the closest ancestor with the chytrids? A) nucleariids B) choanoflagellates C) zygomycetes D) algae E) diplomonads | A) nucleariids |
| Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution? | flagellated spores |
| Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? A) ascospores B) basidiospores C) zygosporangia D) conidiophores E) ascocarps | D) conidiophores |
| Which of the following do all fungi have in common? A) meiosis in basidia B) coenocytic hyphae C) sexual life cycle E) symbioses with algae | D) absorption of nutrients |
| The hydrolytic digestion of which of the following should produce monomers that are aminated (i.e., have an amine group attached) molecules of beta-glucose? A) insect exoskeleton B) plant cell walls C) fungal cell walls D) A and C only E) A, B and C | D) A and C only |
| Most animals exhibit the following structures or functions except A) nervous and muscle tissue B) unique types of intercellular junctions, such as tight junctions and gap junctions C) autotrophic nutrition D) sexual reproduction E) multicellularity | C) autotrophic nutrition. |
| Which of the following terms or structures is not associated with animals? A) eukaryotic B) cell wall C) desmosome D) zygote E) blastula | B) cell wall |
| Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which would be the best choice to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C) crystallin genes D) myosin genes E) globin genes | B) collagen genes |
| New People Make Choices - Era's mnemonic | Neoproterozoic (1bill-542mya), Paleozoic(542-251mya), Mesozoic (251-65.5mya), Cenozoic (65.5mya-present) |
| what era was the cambrian explosion during? | paleozoic (535-525mya) |
| Mollusca Muscle Foot: | for locomotion, attachment and secretes mucus |
| Mollusca visceral mass: | contains digestive system(complete), most have open circulatory systems, reproductive organs and nephridia. Bath organs in circulatory sinuses |
| Mollusca mantle: | surrounds visceral mass. is waterfilled, contains respiratory organs (increased surface area for gas exchange)and helps protect them. End of digestive tract, helps secrete waste. If they have a shell, its secreted by mantle. |
| Mollusca Rodula: | located in the mouth - "rasping" structure that tears food off structure it is on. Bivalves don't have these. |
| Mollusca reproductive organs: | dicodous with separate sexes. external fertilization crocophore larvae (ciliated free living) followed by 2nd stage larva - veliger, has beginning of foot, shell & mantle. Mostly organisms that secrete shell. |
| Mollusca examples | chitons, gastropods, bivalves, chephalopods |
| Chiton: | have 8 overlapping plates (not segmented) that are protective in function. They use the foot for locomotion & attachment. and are all marine |
| Gastropods (snails): | torsion (mantle cavity & anus moved from posterior to anterior). Visceral mass with one side growing faster than the other. Nematocysto from ingesting cnidarians. Marine. Largest & most diverse class with distinct head and tentacles w/ eyes |
| Bivavles: | Glochidia larva (distruction during larval stage). mostly freshwater. Attach to fish gills, parasitic and distributed by fish since they unlatch at a certain point in development. |
| Bivalves pearl formation: | when an irritant gets between shell and mantle, its a defense mechanism. endangered (10% N.Amer spec extinct, damming of rivers) |
| Cephalopods: | most advanced invertebrate brain. All marine predators. Foot has distinct head & tenticles modified with suction cups and hooks. Have elaborate eyes. have a closed circulatory system. Produces ink in ink sac to confuse predators. |
| Cephalopod locomotion | uses jet propulsion for locomotion (mantle expands to bring in water through siphon, contracts and shoots water out of the siphon which causes it to dart backwards. one has shell. |
| cephalopod chromatophores: | pigmented cells that contract and expand, vary the amount of pigment in the cells and controls the color of the body |
| cephalopod reproduction: | sperm is stored in spermatophores in mantle cavity. |
| Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta | "many hairs". marine. largest class. lives under rocks, sand and builds tubes. Well developed "head" with eyes. no permanent gonads, external fertilization. reproduction timed with lunar cycles.Secretes segments (gametes) epitokes |
| Parapodia w/ Chaetae in Polychaeta | appendages, found on most segments, used as: locomotion, anchor and gas exchange. Chiton has brussels on tips which aid in the above functions. |
| some polychaeta: | some have trocophore larval stage, some can undergo budding, some can undergo budding, some can undergo regeneration |
| Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta | "few hairs". |
| Peristaltic locomotion in oligochaeta | has long and circular muscles. cicular contracts and pushes anteriorly. Long contracts and causes worm to shorten - moves because of anchoring chaeta. |
| Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta: earthworms. | all have chaeta for anchoring and digging. no parapodia. mostly terrestrial with peristaltic locomotion. Hermaphroditic with clittelum that secretes mucus, uses cross fertilization and puts eggs in mucus cocoon. |
| Phylum Annelida, Class Oligochaeta: leeches | no chaetae (except one species). with no septa (segments). Injects anesthetic and anticoagulent. Parasitic hermaphrodites that only have clittelum during breeding season |
| Ecdysis: | molting of outer cuticle |
| Phylum Nematoda | ubiquitous - live everywhere there is life. Parsites, some free living. Mott cuticle (non cellular outer layer that is secreted by extracellular matrix. Only molts 4x(larval stages). |
| Nematoda example: | intestinal roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides |
| Nematoda biological control of insects - | inhibits immune system, releases mutualistic bacteria. Bacteria kills & breaks down insect. Reproduction and digestion inside insect host. |
| Phylum Arthropoda | 2/3 of all species, most successful, 71 million species. Has economic importance both - and +. Have segmented bodies, distinct heads, jointed apendages, chitin exoskeleton (made of proteins, hard but flexible, offers good muscle attachment and protection) |
| contributions to the success of phylum arthropoda | legs for locomotion and antennae for sensory |
| downside to chitin exoskeleton? | heavy, so limits size |
| How to arthropods grow? | ecdysis - molting. the new exoskeleton is very soft and vulnerable until it hardens. Molt is energetically expensive so must save up energy and be in a safe environment |
| Arthropods have what type of circulatory system? | open. blood like fluid - heart pumps fuid throughout body. has a dorsal vessel. |
| True or false. Sponges have true tissues and germ layers | false. |
| Acoelomates | platyhelminthes (flat worm) have no body cavity |
| Pseudocoelomates | body cavity located between mesoderm & ectoderm. no muscle lining gut and tend to have suspended reproductive organs. ex. nematoda and rotifera. |
| Coelomatess | coelom w/ mesoderm. True body cavity. Organs anchored in place with more complex and bigger organs. Protection. Have muscle lining gut to aid in digestion and movement of food. coelom tends to be fluid filled. |
| Protostome: | most animal phyla. Spiral cleavage 90*. Determinate development. Blastopore becomes the mouth |
| deuterostome: | radial cleavage, indeterminate development where blastopore becomes anus. *must have complete digestive tract. Evolved from common ancestor >500mya. ex. echinodermata and chordata |
| indeterminate development | cells developing during zygote stage are identical and can become any cell in adult - stem cells. |
| Traditional vs molecular phylogeny agreements: | 1. All animals have a common ancestor(clade metazoa) 2. sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa clade of animals with tissues 4. most animals belong to bilateria 5. chordates, echinoderms and some animals belong to clade deuterostomia |
| Traditional vs molecular phylogeny differences: | Cophotrochozoa & ecdysozoa are breaking up "protostomia" based on larval stages. Resolving classifications of bilateia with 3 major clades. |
| bilateria's 3 major clades | 1. deuterostomia 2. ecdoysozoa (nematodes and arthropods) 3. lophotrochozoans - collar of cillia around mouth. can be in adult or larval stages |
| trochophore larvae | have double band of cillia around middle. |
| true or false. invertebrates make up 90% of all known species | true |
| clade parazoa | sponges. oldest animals that are asymmetric and lack tissues and organs |
Created by:
SChavez