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Brain&Behavior Ch 6
Hearing, Balance, Taste, and Smell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| your auditory system detects changes in the vibration of air molecules that are caused by sound sources, detecting both .________ and _________ | intensity and frequency |
| a measure of sound intensity, perceived as loudness | decibel (dB) |
| cycles per second, as of an auditory stimulus; measure of frequency, perceived as pitch: | Hertz (Hz) |
| we perceive a repetitive pattern of local increases and decreases in ___ _________ as sound | air pressure |
| a single alternation of compression and expansion of air is called one ________ | cycle |
| pure tone | has only one frequency of vibration |
| a pure tone is described physically in terms of two measures: | amplitude and frequency |
| amplitude | intensity; measured as sound pressure |
| out perception of amplitude is termed _________ | loudness |
| frequency | the bumber of cycles per sexond |
| our perception of frequency is termed _______ | pitched |
| fundamental | the basic frequency |
| harmonic | multiples of the fundamental |
| timbre | sound quality caused by the notes differing in the relative intensities of the various harmonics |
| the outer ears have been shaped through evolution to capture biologically important sound vibrations and direct them into the inner parts of the ear, where the mechanical force of sound is ________ into neural activity | transduced |
| transduction | the conversion of one form of energy to another |
| the external ear _______, _________, and ________ sounds | captures, focuses, and filters |
| pinna | the external part of the ear |
| what does the pinna do? | funnel sound waves into the second part of the external ear, the ear canal (or auditory canal) |
| auditory canal | the tube leading from the pinna to the tympanic membrane |
| the pinna is distinctly a _________ characteristic | mammalian |
| the shape of the external ear is also important in identifying the _________ and __________ of the source of a sound | direction and distance |
| the middle ear _________ sound energies | concentrates |
| inner ear | cochlea and vestibular apparatus |
| middle ear | cavity between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea |
| the middle ear consists of the taut _________ _______ sealing the end of the ear canal, and a chain of tiny bones called _________, that mechanically coupe the tympanic membrane to the inner ear at a specialized patch of membrane called the _____ ________ | tympanic membrane, ossicles, oval window |
| tympanic membrane | eardrum; partition between the external ear and the middle ear |
| ossicles | three small bones (incus, malleus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations across the middle ear, from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
| malleus | "hammer". a middle-ear bone that is connected to the tympanic membrane |
| incus | "anvil". a middle-ear bone situated between the malleus and the stapes |
| stapes | "stirrup" a middle-ear bone that is connected to the eval window |
| oval window | the opening from the middle ear to the inner ear |
| to help protect from loud noises, the middle ear is equipped with volume control. Two tiny muscles called the ______ ________ and the ________ attach to each end of the chain of ossicles. | tensor tympani, stapedius |
| within 200 milliseconds of the arrival of a loud sound, the brain signals the muscles to ________, which stiffen the chain of ossicles and reduces the effectiveness of the sounds | contract |
| the _______ converts vibrational energy into neural activity | cochlea |
| cochlea | a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing |
| the cochlea is a coil of three parallel canals. What are these three canals? | the vestibular canal, the middle canal, and the tympanic canal |
| apex | the distant end, like the tip of a snails shell |
| the canals are filled with noncompressible fluid. Movement inside the cochlea in response to a push from the stapes onto the ocal window, requires a secondary membrane-covered window that can bulge outward a bit. This is called the what? | round window |
| the portion of the cochlea that converts sounds into neural activity is known as the _______ __ ______ | organ of Corti |
| the organ of Corti consists of three main structure: | the sensory cells (hair cells), an elaborate framework of supporting cells, and terminations of the auditory nerve fibers. |
| the base of the organ of Corti is the _______ _________ | basilar membrane |
| basilar membrane | contains the principle structures involved in auditory transduction |
| the hair cells transduce movements of the basilar membrane into _________ _________ | electrical signals |
| a _________ effect of the basilar membrane is converted into neural activity, through the actions of hair cells | rippling |
| each hair cell features a sloping brush of minuscule hairs called _________ on its upper surface | stereocilia |
| stereocilia | a relatively stiff hair that protrudes from a hair cell in the auditory or vestibular cortex |
| the hair cells form a mechanical _________ between the basilar membrane and the tectoral membrane that lies above | bridge |
| how do hair cells turn movement into neural activity? | when sounds induce the basilar membrane to ripple, the movement of the hair cell bases relative to the tectorial membrane causes the stereocilia to bend |
| even a tiny deflection of sterocilia is enough to produce a large ____________ of hair cells, because of a remarkable structural feature of stereocilia | depolarization |
| each stereocilium contains one or two large, nonselective ion ________ | channels |
| fine, threadlike fibers called ___ ______ connect the channels to the tips of neighboring stereocilia | tip links |
| when the stereocilia bend the tension on the tip links physically pops open the ___ ________ to which they are attached | ion channels |
| the sudden opening of the channels allows what to rush into the hair cells, causing a rapid depolarization. | potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions |
| Just as it works in neuron, this depolarization leads to a rapid influx ____ at the base of the hair cell | Ca2+ |
| the influx of Ca2+ causes synaptic vessels there to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release ____________, stimulating adjacent nerve fibers | neurotransmitter |
| the stereocilia channels snap shut again in a fraction of a millisecond as the hair cell sways back. This ability to rapidly switch on and off allows hair cells to do what? | accurately track the rapid oscillations of the basilar membrane with exquisite sensitivity |
| in the cochlea, the hair cells are organized into a single row of about 3,500 ______ hair cells and about 12,000 ________ hair cells in three rows | inner hair cells and the outer hair cells |
| inner hair cells (IHC) | one of the two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. Compared to outer hair cells, IHCs are positioned closer to the central axis of the coiled cochlea |
| outer hair cells (OHC) | one of two types of receptor cells for hearing in the cochlea. compared to inner hair cells, OHCs are positioned farther from the central axis of the coiled cochlea |
| fibers of the __________ ____ contact the base of the hair cells | vestibulocochlear nerve cranial nerve which runs from the cochlea to the brainstem auditory nuclei |
| there are four kinds of neural connections with hair cells, each relying on a different neurotransmitter. What are the four kinds of neural connections? | IHC afferents, IHC efferents, OHC afferents, OHC efferenets |
| IHC afferents | convey to the brain the action potentials that provide the perception of sounds |
| IHC afferents make up about __% of the fibers leading to the brain | 95 |
| IHC efferents | lead from the brain to the IHCs, through which the brain can control the responsiveness of IHCs |
| OHC afferents | are thought to convey information to the brain about the mechanical state of the basilar membrane, but NOT the perception of sounds themselves |
| OHC efferents | lead from the brain to the OHCs, allowing the brain to activate a remarkable property of OHCs |
| the OHCs do not detect sound. Instead they appear to change their length in response to what? | commands from the brain. |
| the mechanical responses of the OHCs allow them to control the _______ regions of the basilar membrane to sharpen its tuning | stiffness |
| Tuning curve | a graph of the responses of a single auditory nerve fiber or neuron to sounds that vary in frequency and intensity |
Created by:
cmccartney2