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SOCL 3371 MID TERM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the names of the 2 schools of Criminology? | classical & positivism |
| Which school of criminology is it that only the legislative branch has authority to make laws? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that human beings possess free will and are rational? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that punishment should be based upon the social harm of the act and not the "intention" of the offender? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that punishment's primary goal is the prevention of future crime? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is focused on the individuals instead of the criminal action? | positivism |
| Which school of criminology is it that only laws can set the punishment for crimes; the judge should not choose the punishment, but be limited to the determination of guilt or innocence | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that individuals are responsible for their actions; utilitarianism guides human behavior? | classical |
| "_______"- seeking pleasure and avoiding pain | Hedonistic Calculus |
| Which school of criminology is the term "Hedonistic Calculus" referred? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that similar offenses should receive the same punishment; punishment should fit the crime, not the criminal? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that retribution is secondary? | classical |
| Which school of criminology proceeded the other school of criminology? | Lombroso & Biological positivism proceeded the classical school |
| ______- "The Born Criminal" | Cesare Lombroso's (1835-1909) |
| Which school of criminology is it that employed empirical research to ascertain that crime was the product of multiple factors? | positivism |
| Which school of criminology is it that some of the early of them relied on measuring features of the criminal and disregarded the social factors outside of the individual? | positivism |
| Which school of criminology is associated with Cesare Lombroso's "The Born Criminal"? | positivism |
| Which school of criminology is associated with William Sheldon- Somatotypology? | positivism |
| ________-Somatotypology | William Sheldon (1898-1977) |
| _________- crime is determined by factors largely outside the control of the individual? | deterministic |
| ______ legacy: gathering empirical data; emphasis on objectivity; use of the scientific method; multiple-factor causation; deterministic | Lombroso's |
| What was Lombroso's legacy? | gathering empirical data; emphasis on objectivity; use of the scientific method; multiple-factor causation; deterministic |
| When was classical criminology was developed during? | The Age of Enlightenment |
| Who developed classical criminology? | Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) |
| Besides sociological theory, what are 2 traditional approaches which think and talk about punishment? | penological & philosophical |
| Which approach on punishment is it that uses punishment as a technique of crime control? | penological |
| Which approach on punishment is it that penal institutions and the process of punishment have a straight-forward end: reduction of crime rates and restraint of individual criminals? | penological |
| Which approach on punishment is it that see punishment as an instrument whose overriding purpose is the management & control of crime? | penological |
| Which approach on punishment is it that the primary question from its framework is a technical one: WHAT WORK??? | penological |
| Which approach on punishment is it that uses punishment as distinctively a moral problem? | philosophical |
| Which approach on punishment is it that uses justification of penal sanctions; proper objectives of penal sanctions; when can they be reasonably imposed? | philosophical |
| Which approach on punishment is it that examines normative foundations on which the penal systems rest? | philosophical |
| Which approach on punishment is it that the primary question from its framework is: WHAT IS JUST?? | philosophical |
| Which approach on punishment is it that punishment is looked at as a social institution? | sociological |
| Which approach on punishment is it that punishment is a cultural and historical artifact shaped by an ensemble of social forces & has significance, along with a range of effects that reach well beyond the population of criminal? | sociological |
| Who are the 4 scholars that Garland surveys? | Drukheim, Marx, Foucault, and Elias |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is a moral process? | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks punishment functions to preserve shared values and normative conventions on which social life is based? | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks punishment reaffirms and strengthens moral order and creates social solidarity? | Durkheim |
| ____&_________-Durkheim | Punishment & Social Solidarity |
| Punishment & Social Solidarity-_____ | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks punishment reasserts authority & reiterates the society's moral values? | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks punishment transforms the threat to the social order into strengthening the collective conscience of the rest of the population? | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks that punishment is instead of damaging cohesion, crime actually ties people together through moral outrage? | Durkheim |
| Which scholar thinks that the treatment of punishment is sentient based, morality affirming, and solidarity-producing? | Durkheim |
| _____ of_______: Marx | Political Economy of Punishment |
| Political Economy of Punishment:_____ | Marx |
| Which scholar concerns are centered around economic and political determinants of punishment? | Marx |
| Which scholar thinks the role of prisons in strategies of class rule? | Marx |
| Which scholar thinks punishment should be understood as a repressive mechanism of class domination; class perceptions of the poor as a problem? | Marx |
| Which scholar thinks that historically, the labor market has been the leading influence on the choice of penal methods- financial exploitation; work in prisons, centrality of monetary penalties, the current "privatization" of corrections? | Marx |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is only one element of the strategy to manage the poor? | Marx |
| ____,___,&______:Foucault | Punishment, Power, & Knowledge |
| Punishment, Power, & Knowledge:_____ | Foucault |
| Which scholar is primarily focused on how punishment changes, historically; disappearance of one style of punishment (public torture) and the emergence of another (prison)? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks punishment's new concern over an individual's soul rather than his body? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks modern punishment, especially prisons, deploy a distinctive kind of power (disciplinary)? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks discipline is the method of mastering the human body and rendering it obedient & useful? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks that punishment is constant supervision to train (panopticon)? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks that punishment is individualized treatment, isolation, work, adjustment to sentence? | Foucault |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is a normalization practice of modern society to adhere to a standard of conduct? | Foucault |
| _____&_____:Elias | Punishment & Sensibilities |
| Punishment & Sensibilities:____ | Elias |
| Which scholar thinks that punishment is society's conception of what is or is not culturally and emotionally acceptable? | Elias |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is "civilized sensibilities" of what is tolerated by the public? | Elias |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is the transformation of behavioral norms in different social spheres? | Elias |
| Which scholar thinks punishment is a civilizing process: intensification of "conscience", increased restraints on violent behavior, greater empathy with others, heightened sensitivity to pain and suffering, privatization and sanitization | Elias |
| Which scholar thinks punishment & prisons reflect the displacement and relocation of "uncivilized" behaviors rather than their total suppression or disappearance-History conforms to these patterns? | Elias |
| Pyrrhic Defeat Theory is an amalgamation of _____,_____,_____,&______ | Durkheim, Marx, Erikson, & Quinney |
| What is the central argument of the Pyrrhic Defeat Theory? | Provides a powerful ideological message to the American public, which benefits & protects the powerful by legitimating the present social order; divers public discontent and opposition away from the uper-classes and onto the poor |
| _________- CJS must take a dive in fighting crime while making it look like serious crime & the "real" danger to society is the work of the poor | Pyrrhic Defeat Theory |
| What are some policies that would reduce crime? | gun control, legalization of heroin, amelioration of poverty, and lower recidivism |
| What are the 2 models of the criminal process? | crime control model & due process model |
| What are the 3 points made for the Ideology of Criminal Justice System? | even if it wasn't failing the CJS would still broadcast a message supportive of established institutions; CJS focuses on individual wrongdoers; criminal law is put forth as the minimum, politically neutral rules for social living in society |
| In the Ideology of Criminal Justice System what does it mean when that the CJS focuses on individual wrongdoers? | diverting attention away from considering if our institutions themselves are unjust, and the evils of the current social order |
| In the Ideology of Criminal Justice System what does it mean when that criminal law is put forth as the minimum, politically neutral rules for social living in society? | As such this protects the established institutions; a violation against one of these institutions is equivalent to an attack on all social life in a society |
| What are the Crime Control Model's values? | goal=repression of criminal conduct; efficiency; speed & finality; routine, stereotype procedures; presumption of guilt |
| In the Crime Control Model's values what does speed & finality depend on? | speed depends upon informality and finality depends upon minimizing occasions for challenge |
| What are the Due Process Model's values? | Adherence to the Constitution; prevention & elimination of mistakes; possibility of error; factual guilt but legal innocence; formal, adjudicative, fact-finding processes; demand for finality is low |
| In the Due Process Model's values what it mean by factual guilt but legal innocence? | presumption of innocence |
| What some examples of the complexity of American Policing? | jurisdictional disputes, agency rivalries, lack of coordination & communication, failure to share intel & resources |
| Give an example of the complexity of American Policing. | Miami-Dade County Florida (2.5 million people in 2,109 sq mi[larger than Delaware]; 26 municipalities [Miami & Miami Beach]; Florida State Police, Marine Patrol, Feds; Private agencies [MIA, railroads, etc]) |
| What is the largest crime fighting organization in the world? | Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization) (190 members) |
| _____ theory- 3 dimension to punishment | deterrence theory |
| In the deterrence theory, what are the 3 dimensions to punishment? | severity, celerity, certainty |
| In the deterrence theory, explain severity as a dimension of punishment | must outweigh the pleasure/happiness obtainable from the commission of the crime |
| In the deterrence theory, explain celerity as a dimension of punishment | swiftness of criminal sanction |
| In the deterrence theory, explain certainty as a dimension of punishment | probability of apprehension & punishment |
| certainty & celerity > ________ | severity |
| ______ & celerity > severity | certainty |
| certainty & ______ > severity | celerity |
| which school of criminology is the deterrence theory referred? | classical |
| which school of criminology is it that the rights of the suspect should be protected from abuse? | classical |
| which school of criminology is it that presumption of innocence until sufficient proof of guilt is introduced? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is it that court proceeding should be clear & fair? | classical |
| Which school of criminology is Atavism- Criminaloid (Evolutionary Throwback) is referred? | positivism- under Cesare Lombroso's "The Born Criminal" |
| which school of criminology is Social Darwinism- Superior Species of Man is referred? | positivism- under Cesare Lombroso's "The Born Criminal" |
| ______- Criminaloid (Evolutionary Throwback) | Atavism |
| _____- Superior Species of Man | Social Darwinism |
| What are the 3 things that are involved in William Sheldon- Somatotypology? | ectomorph, endomorph, Mesomorph-more likely to be criminal |
| ______-more likely to be criminal | mesomorph |
| Which school of criminology refers to Genetics & Heredity- Does deviance run in the family? | positivism |
| In positivism, Fox Butterfield (1995)- "All Gods Children" is under what point? | genetics & heredity - Does deviance run in the family? |
| _______ is essentially about a system that is designed for the implementation of punishment | criminal justice |
| what are the 3 political ideologies discussed by Cullen & Gilbert? | conservatism, liberalism, & radicalism |
| _______-maintenance of social order; social arrangements are sound; individuals responsible for their own actions; self-reliance encouraged | conservatism |
| _____-goals of society should be individual rights & equal opportunity for all; structural conditions of society cause crime | liberalism |
| what appears as a realistic problem associated with the crime control model? | one of the biggest problems is the presumption of guilt- it's easier to prove guilt than it is to prove innocent |
| What does Packer liken the crime control model to? What is his analogy? | Crime control=assembly line |
| What does Packer liken the due process model to? What is his analogy? | Due process=obstacle course |
| ________- is a closed system; stays the same the entire time; capacity to evolve is extremely limited; rely on personal experience or conviction, rely on selective observations that affirm held beliefs | ideology |
| What are the 8 orientations that can be used as a starting point for theorizing the criminal justice system & crime control? | Rational/legalism, System, Crime control vs due process, Politics, Social construction or reality, Oppression, and Late modernity |
| What are some criticisms directed toward private police agencies? | Limited controls over private agencies, Lack of training of personnel, Lack of education, Failure to know they lack the power to arrest, Poorly paid |
| Goldstein begins by saying "The police, by the very nature of their function, are an anomaly in a free society." What does he mean by this? | Democracy is heavily dependent upon police to maintain a degree of order allowing for a free society to be possible; tension inherently exists in police-society relations |
| What shift in policing are Kelling & Moore concerned about? | the rise of private policing, usurping public policing |
| What are the three eras of policing that Kelling & Moore establish? | The Political Era (1840s-1900s), The Reform Era (1920s-1970s), and The Community Problem-solving Era (Now) |
| What is the purpose of Kelling & Moore's article? | to explain the development of policing professional ideology by using a "corporate strategy" framework |
| What are the certain attributes in police work that would be most important when discussing the development of the police working personality? (3 identified by Skolnick) | danger, authority, efficiency |
| According to Parilla & Wyatt there are 4 key elements to sources for police subculture, what are they? | danger, authority, supervisory scrutiny, role ambiguity |
| What are the 5 core themes to the essence of police culture? | the job of the police is to fight crime, bending the rules is necessary to combat crime, cynicism/skepticism of others, loyalty to fellow officers, officers vs administrators |
Created by:
kenzey11