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BIO EXAM 3
MB32,33,34
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In a grasshopper, all the body tissues are bathed in blood that is in the: | hemocoel |
| Which of the following best describes the major function of an internal circulatory system? | transport food and oxygen close to each cell and carry away wastes produced by the cells (The circulatory system actually provides the same environment provided to a simple microorganism that relies on diffusion.) |
| The vertebrate circulatory system transport oxygen from the lungs or gills to the tissues. What does it transfer from the tissues back to the lungs? | carbon dioxide (Carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste product.) |
| IN vertebrates, which heart chamber supplies oxygenated blood to the body cells? | left ventricle |
| What is the force measured during the heart's ventricular contractions called? | systolic pressure (This is the higher of the two readings when you have your blood pressure taken.) |
| What is the major difference between arteries and veins? | arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood toward the heart (The veins and arteries, along with the heart and blood, comprise the circulatory system.) |
| What is different about the hearts of fishes as compared to more complex vertebrate hearts? | fishes have only one atrium and one ventricle (Fishes have a single atrium that empties into a single ventricle.) |
| All of the following are true of the SA node EXCEPT that it: | directly stimulates the ventricles |
| Ventricles force blood directly into the: | arteries |
| In mammals, blood with a low oxygen content enters the ______ of the heart. | right atrium |
| In fish, blood leaving the heart goes directly to the: | gills |
| It is important that the atrioventricular (AV) node produce a delay between the contraction of the atria and the contraction of the ventricles because this allows the: | ventricles to fill to capacity |
| The red color of an erythrocyte is caused by a large, iron-containing protein called ______. | hemoglobin (Hemoglobin absorbs oxygen for transport to cells; each molecule can bind and carry four molecules of oxygen.) |
| Platelets are large cells that aid in blood clotting. True or False? | False |
| Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of the plasma protein fibrinogen into fibrin. True or False? | True |
| Plasma is primarily: | water |
| Females need more dietary iron than males because they: | lose more iron (during menstruation) |
| Long-distance runners like to train at high altitudes because the lack of oxygen there stimulates the: | bone marrow to make more erythrocytes |
| Which of the following does NOT play a role in blood clotting? | albumin |
| Erythropoietin stimulates the manufacture of: | red blood cells |
| Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____. | capillaries of the head, forelimbs, abdominal organs, and hing limbs (In these capillaries oxygen diffuses into, and carbon dioxide diffuses out of, body tissues.) |
| The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls. | capillaries (The thin walls of the capillaries facilitate gas exchange. |
| Blood pressure is highest in the ____. | aorta (The aorta, which carries blood that has just left the left ventricle, has the highest blood pressure.) |
| Most gas exchange with blood vessels occurs across the walls of the _____. | alveoli |
| Which of the following is the name for microscopically thin blood vessels associated with the circulatory system? | capillaries (These are blood vessels so narrow that erythrocytes must pass through one at a time.) |
| When your physician takes your pulse, he or she is feeling the expansion and contraction of your: | arteries or arterioles |
| What is the role of valves in the veins? | They keep blood from flowing backward when the veins are squeezed by skeletal muscles. |
| What happens to the speed of blood as it passes through the capillaries? | It decreases greatly |
| ______ is a waste product of cellular respiration. | Carbon dioxide |
| Assume that you watch an earthworm crawl across the pavement on a warm sunny day and notice that its skin is drying out. What will be the immediate result of dry skin and the ultimate cause of death? | suffocation (Moist skin is an excellent gas-exchange organ in the earthworm but when the skin is dry, oxygen cannot diffuse through it.) |
| What structure do insects use to deliver air close to each body cell? | elaborate branching air tubes called tracheae (Spiracles bring air into tracheae.) |
| Although amphibians use gills during their aquatic larval stage and develop simple, sac-like lungs as adults, some may also depend on an additional mechanism for gas exchange. What is it? | diffusion of gases into and out of capillaries through their thin, moist skin (Amphibians fall somewhere between aquatic and terrestrial life.) |
| What are spiracles? | openings into the tracheae of insects |
| All of the following are respiratory surfaces EXCEPT: | bat wings |
| The lungs of reptiles are better developed than those of amphibians because reptiles: | have a dry, scaly skin |
| Movement of O2 from the outside air to respiratory surfaces by breathing is an example of: | bulk flow |
| Which sequence of animals is an example of how animals respiratory systems evolved? | shark-salamander-lizard-bird |
| Which respiratory system characteristics are shared by fish, frogs, jellyfish, and earthworms? | gas exchange across a moist respiratory surface |
| During inhalation, | the diaphragm and rib muscles contract (The contraction of these muscles causes air to enter the lungs.) |
| From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? | Alveoli (Alveoli are tiny sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries. The alveoli are where oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood.) |
| True or False? In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. | True (When oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the surrounding capillaries, it enters a red blood cell and binds to hemoglobin.) |
| After blood becomes oxygenated, | it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells |
| Hemoglobin is a | protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen |
| How many bronchi does the human have? | two (The trachea splits into two large branches called bronchi, one leading to each lung.) |
| In what part of the lung does gas exchange occur? | alveoli |
| What activity will prevent cilia from continuously sweeping mucus and trapped debris upward toward the pharynx? | smoking (Smoking paralyzes the cilia.) |
| Why is carbon monoxide such a toxic chemical? | When inhaled, it competes for the same sites on hemoglobin that bind oxygen and prevents transport of oxygen. (Carbon monoxide adheres more than 200 times more tightly to hemoglobin than does carbon dioxide) |
| What is the purpose of the diaphragm, a large sheet of muscle that forms the lower boundary of the chest cavity? | It facilitates inhalation and exhalation (Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm is contracted and exhalation occurs when it is relaxed.) |
| Where does air from the nose and air from the mouth join? | pharynx |
| What is missing from this list of essential animal nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, water? | proteins (Proteins are built from amino acids.) |
| Which of the following represent sources of energy for cells? | carbohydrates, proteins, and fats (Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are needed to maintain the wide range of activities of cells.) |
| What is the unit for energy acquired from nutrients? | calorie (About 60% of the caloric energy in the food we eat is released as heat; the remaining 40% is available to generate ATP.) |
| Assume that you are asked to compare Calories per unit weight for fats and carbohydrates. What would you expect to find? | Fats would contain over twice as many Calories per unit weight as do carbohydrates (You would get about 9 Calories per gram for fats compared to about 4 Calories per gram for carbohydrates.) |
| Why is vitamin C (ascorbic acid) considered an essential nutrient for humans? | our bodies cannot synthesize it (Consequently, vitamin C must be supplied in our diet and for that reason is considered an essential nutrient.) |
| What are the two major categories of vitamins? | water-soluble and fat-soluble (Water-soluble vitamins are not stored in appreciable amounts whereas fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in fat.) |
| Which nutrients provide energy for animals? | carbohydrates, fats, and proteins |
| ________ is the molecule used by animals as a source of quick energy. | glycogen |
| The amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C is called: | a calorie |
| What is the purpose of the digestive system? | break complex molecules into simpler molecules ad absorb them (The digestive system then expels leftover waste from the body.) |
| What is in digestive fluids that breaks down food materials? | enzymes (Enzymes catalyze (drive to completion) biochemical reactions, such as digestion of foods.) |
| Which of these animals uses collar cells to obtain food for intracellular digestion? | sponges |
| What enzyme is present in saliva in the mouth that begins the breakdown of starch? | amylase (Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides.) |
| What is the purpose of the esophagus? | the esophagus transports food to the stomach (It is a muscular tube that propels food from the mouth to the stomach.) |
| Why is it that human gastric glands secrete inactive pepsinogen rather than active pepsin? | if humans secreted pepsin, the pepsin would digest the very cells that synthesize it (To prevent this, pepsinogen is secreted and the stomach's acidity converts pepsinogen to pepsin.) |
| How is the acidic pH of chyme neutralized so that digestive enzymes can function properly? | the acidic pH of chyme is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate in pancreatic juice (Pancreatic digestive enzymes work best in a slightly alkaline environment.) |
| What is the importance of microvilli to the digestive process? | a microvillus produces a large surface area for absorption of nutrients (The epithelium of the small intestine consists primarily of microvilli.) |
| The human colon supports a large population of beneficial bacteria. How are they beneficial? | colonic bacteria synthesize at least four vitamins that we absorb through our intestinal wall (Included are vitamin B12, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin K.) |
| What type of digestion take place inside the mouth? | mechanical an chemical digestion |
| Bile aids in fat digestion by: | breaking lipids into smaller components that can then be digested further by pancreatic enzymes. |
| What structure prevents swallowed material from passing into the larynx? | epiglottis |
| The major function of the large intestine is to: | reabsorb water |
| True or False: A centrifuged sample of blood would yield a composition of 45% plasma and 55% cells. | True |
| Where and when is blood pressure lowest? | in veins during diastole |
| Veins differ from arteries in what way? | Veins have valves while arteries do not |
| What is the order of the vessels in a circuit typically followed by a red blood cell that originates and ends in the heart. | heart, artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein, heart |
| True or False: Fibrillation is when the heart has stopped beating | False |
| True or False: For respiration to be effect the surface must moist, large, thin and flat. | False |
| Gill-______; Tracheae-________; Book Lung-_______ | crustacean; insect; arachnid |
| The clotting process involves all of the following except | the breakdown of the protein thrombin into prothrombin via clotting factors |
| Which of the following is true regarding the components of blood? | Plasma contains wastes, nutrients, hormones, and proteins. |
| Which of the following choices is incorrect regarding the sequence of events that control the human heartbeat? | The electrical signals spread across both ventricles until they reach the atrioventricular node. |
| In tracking an oxygen molecule on its inward journey to the cells of the body, which of the following is a correct ordering of the processes? | Bulk flow, diffusion, bulk flow, diffusion |
| Most of the absorption of nutrients occurs in | small intestine |
| True or False: Intracellular digestion does all 5 digestive functions. | False |
| The evolution of the vertebrates began with | Fish |
| True or False: Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder. | True |
| Which of the following represents the correct order by decreasing size (diameter): | trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli |
| Which of the following is FALSE regarding the human gas exchange system? | The alveoli are the site for transferring carbon dioxide to the blood. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the mouth? | Elimination |
| True or False: When you swallow food, it is the force of gravity which moves the food to the stomach. | False |
| True or False: The liver produces three enzymes (trypsinogen, precarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsin) which together break down proteins. | False |
| True or False: A major goal of the digestive system is to break down macromolecules into smaller subunits. | True |
| True or False: Salivary glands secrete amylase. | True |
| True or False: Carbohydrates are not fully digested until they reach the small intestine. | True |
Created by:
kenzey11