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BIO 204 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define atom | particle that is the fundamental building block of all matter |
| Define electron | negatively charged subatomic par tile that occupies orbitals around an atomic nucleus |
| Define proton | positively charges subatomic particle that is in the nucleus of all atoms |
| Define nucleus | the core of an atom occupied by protons and neutrons |
| Define neutrons | uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus |
| Define charge | electrical property. opposite charges attract, and like charges repel |
| Define isotope | forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons that their atoms carry |
| Define free radical | atom with an unpaired electron. most are highly reactive and can damage the molecules of life |
| Define shell model | a model that helps us visualize how electrons populate atoms |
| Define ion | an atom that carries a charge because it has an uneven number of protons and electrons |
| Define electronegativity | it is to measure the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms |
| Define chemical bond | an attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact; can be ionic or covalent |
| Define molecule | a group of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds |
| Define ionic bond | chemical bond that consists of a strong mutual attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Define covalent bond | chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons |
| Define hydrogen bond | attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom taking part in a separate covalent bond |
| Define polarity | separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions |
| Define cohesion | property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another |
| Define temperature | measure of molecular motion which increases with heat |
| Define evaporation | transition of a liquid to a gas |
| Define solvent | substance that dissolves other substances |
| Define solutes | a disolved substance |
| Define PH | a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very close to 7 |
| Define organic | describes a compound that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| Define carbon | the chemical element of atomic number 6, a nonmetal that has two main forms (diamond and graphite) and that also occurs in impure form in charcoal, soot, and coal. |
| Define carbohydrates | molecule that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| Define lipids | fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound (fat, steroid or wax) |
| Why are characteristics of atoms useful to biologists? | because they are the building blocks of all substances and they are the smallest particles that retain the properties of an element |
| Describe the three most common types of bonds in biological molecules. | ionic, hydrogen, and covslent |
| Describe H20’s special properties. | *it has cohesion *it stabilizes temperature *it is an excellent solvent |
| What is the difference between a non-polar and a polar covalent bond? | non-polar: atoms share electrons equally (formed between atoms with same electronegativity polar: atoms with different electronegativity, dont equally share electrons |
| Define proteins | organic compound that consists of one or more polypeptide chains |
| Define nucleic acids | single stranded chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds |
| Define monomer | molecules that are subunits of polymers |
| Define polymer | a molecule made up of multiple monomers |
| Define metabolism | all the enzyme mediated chemical reactions by which cells acquire and use energy as they build and break down organic molecules |
| Define condensation | enzymatic reaction in which two molecules become bonded together forming water |
| Define hydrolysis | enzymatic reaction with water that causes a molecule to break down into smaller units |
| Define functional group | a group of atoms bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property to the molecule |
| Define monosaccharide | simple sugar that can be used as a monomer of polysaccharides |
| Define oligosaccharide | a carbohydrate whose molecules are composed of a relatively small number of monosaccharide units. |
| Define polysaccharide | polymer of a monosaccharide (cellulose, starch, glycogen) |
| Define starch | polysaccharide that serves as an energy reservoir in plant cells |
| Define glycogen | polysaccharide that serves as an energy reservoir in animal cells |
| Define fats | lipid that consists of a glycerol molecule with one, two, or three fatty acid tails |
| Define triglycerides | a fat with three fatty acid tails |
| Define phospholipid | a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails; main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes |
| Define lipid bilayer | double layer of lipids arranged tail to tail; forms the structural foundation of all cell membranes. In eukaryotes, consists mainly of phospholipids |
| Define amino acid | small organic compound consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and characteristic side group(R), all typically bonded to the same carbon atom. 20 kinds are common subunits of proteins |
| Define polypeptide | chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Define peptide bond | a bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids and proteins |
| Define levels of structure (4) | primary: amino acid sequence secondary: polypeptide chain forming hydrogen bonds between amino acids tertiary: compacted secondary structures=domains(forms functional protein) quaternary: protiens consist of 2+ more polypeptide chains (immunoglobulin) |
| Define fibrous protein | |
| Define glycoprotein | |
| Define lipoprotein | |
| Define denaturation | |
| Define nucleotide | |
| Define adenine | |
| Define guanine | |
| Define cytosine | |
| Define uracil | |
| Define thymine | |
| Define nucleic acid | |
| Define DNA | |
| Define RNA | |
| Three complex carbohydrates include cellulose, starch, and glycogen. Distinguish between them. | cellulose: doesnt dissolve in water, major structure material in plants, long straight chains of glucose monomers Starch: stores energy in plants, spiral chain Glycogen: branched chains |
| What are fatty acids? | simple organic compound with a carboxyl group, joined to a backbone of 4-36 carbon atoms |
| What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? | saturated: animal fats, single covalent bonds unsaturated: vegetable oils, one or more double bonds |
| Name the types of lipids that contain fatty acids. | triglicerides, neutral fats with three fatty acids |
| Describe the basic structure of an amino acid (i.e. important function groups). How are amino acids different from each other? How are they combined to form a protein? | structure: made up of amine group, carboxyl group, and one or more atoms (r group) different: amine group is basic, carboxyl groups are acidic to form protein they all come together |
| Discuss the levels of protein structure. Why is protein structure important? Can you form a peptide bond? | proteins can only function if they maintain their 3D shape. a peptide bond can be formed through protien synthesis (amine group attaches to the carboxyl group) |
| Define plasma membrane | |
| Define nucleus | |
| Define nucleoid | |
| Define nucleoplasm | |
| Define cytoplasm | |
| Define phospholipid bilayer | |
| Define hydrophilic | |
| Define hydrophobic | |
| Define prokaryotic | |
| Define prokaryote | |
| Define eukaryotic | |
| Define eukaryote | |
| Define cell wall | |
| Define capsule | |
| Define flagellum | |
| Define pili | |
| Define ribosomes | |
| Define plasmids | |
| Define biofilm | |
| Define organelle | |
| Define nuclear pore | |
| Define nucleolus | |
| Define chromosomes | |
| Define chromatin | |
| Define endomembrane system | |
| Definer ER | |
| Define sER | |
| Define Golgi complex | |
| Define vesicles | |
| Define vacuoles | |
| Define mitochondria | |
| Define lysosome | |
| Define cytoplasm | |
| Define cytoskeleton | |
| Define microfilaments | |
| Define microtubules | |
| Define intermediate filaments | |
| Define actin | |
| Define tubulin | |
| Define cell wall | |
| Define plasmodesmata | |
| Define plastids | |
| Define chloroplasts | |
| Define pseudopods | |
| Define extracellular matrix | |
| Define cell junctions (tight, adhering, gap) | |
| What is cell theory? | schleiden and schwann created it cells are the fundamental units of life |
| Basic aspects of all cells | 1. all organisms consist of at least one cell 2. cell=smallest unit of life 3. each cell comes from preexisting cell division 4. each cell passes its hereditary material to its offspring |
| How is membrane recycled/moved? | |
| Define metabolism | |
| Define, potential energy | |
| Define, kinetic energy | |
| Define, heat energy | |
| Define, chemical energy | |
| Define, 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics | |
| Define, entropy | |
| Define, reaction | |
| Define, reactant | |
| Define, product | |
| Define, exergonic | |
| Define, endogonic | |
| Define, enzyme | |
| Define, anabolic | |
| Define, catabolic | |
| Define, activation energy | the minimum ammount of energy needed to start a reaction |
| Define, transition state | |
| Define, enzyme | |
| Define, catalyst | |
| Define, active sites | |
| Define, reactive sites | |
| Define, specificity | |
| Define, phosphorylation | |
| Define, selective permeability | |
| Define, concentration gradient | |
| Define, diffusion | |
| Define, osmosis | |
| Define, exocytosis | |
| Define, endocytosis | |
| Define, phagocytosis | |
| Define, tonicity | |
| Define, hypotonic | |
| Define, hypertonic | |
| Define, isotonic | |
| Define Redox reactions (oxidate, reduce) | |
| Define temperature and pH effects on enzymes | |
| Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism. | Enzymes speed up reactions, therefore people with high metabolisms have more enzymes |
| Discuss the relationship between enzymes and activation energy. | |
| What factors influence enzyme activity? | enzymes require cofactors (atoms or molecules other than proteins) that are necessary for enzyme function temperature, PH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, inhibitors |
| How are enzymes controlled? | regulate the amounts of each enzyme they make organise where the enzymes are located in each cell or in the organism as a whole regulate the catalytic power of enzyme molecules once they have been made. |
| Discuss the difference between allosteric control and feedback inhibition. | allosteric regulation is when something binds to the active site to physically block the substrate from entering (gets in the way of the reaction) Feedback inhibition is when the products of the enzymatic reaction stop genetic expression of the enzyme |
| What is the fluid mosaic model? | A model that describes the structure of cell membranes. In this model, a flexible layer made of lipid molecules is interspersed with large protein molecules that act as channels through which other molecules enter and leave the cell. |
| What factors can influence the rate of diffusion? | size, temperature, steepness of concentration gradient, charge, and pressure |
| How do materials cross the plasma membrane? | through active transport, diffusion, and osmosis. |
| What is the difference between active and passive transport? What about bulk materials? | active requires energy passive requires no energy |
| Define absorption spectrum | |
| Define, accessory pigments | |
| Define, autotroph, | |
| Define carbon fixationm | |
| Define chlorophyll | |
| Define, chloroplast | |
| Define, electromagnetic energy | |
| Define electromagnetic spectrum | |
| Define, electron transport chain | |
| Define, heterotroph | |
| Define, photorespiration | |
| Define, photosynthesis | |
| Define , rubisco | |
| Define RuBP (ribulose bis-phosphate) | |
| Define, stroma | |
| Define, thylakoid membrane, | |
| Define visible light, | |
| Define photon | |
| Define, wavelength | |
| Define, pigment | |
| Define, light dependent vs. independent reactions | |
| Define, light harvesting complex | |
| Define, photo center | |
| Define, chlorophyll a, | |
| Define ADP | |
| Define, phosphate | |
| Define, NCAP+ | |
| Define, ATP | |
| Define, NADPH | |
| Define, oxygen | |
| Define, cyclic and noncyclic paths | |
| Define, photosystems II and I | |
| Define, photolysis | |
| Define, Calvin-Benson Cycle | |
| Define, atmospheric carbon cycle | |
| Define, H+ concentration gradient | |
| Define, ATP synthase | |
| General equation for photosynthesis. | 6CO2+6H2O>light energy>C6H12O6+6O2 |
| Why are plants green? | They absorb all other colors in the light spectrum and reflect the green color |
| What are photosystems comprised of? | Chloroplasts pigments + protiens |
| How many photosystems are involved in photosynthesis? | The reaction center is the only molecule which can relieve the photosystem of the excess energy. This means that all other pigments will pass the light energy through resonance until it reaches the reaction center |
| Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur? | first stage of photosynthesis |
| summarize steps of a light reaction | light energy is transferred to ATP and NADPH, water molecules are splip releasing O2 |
| What are the start and the end products of the Calvin cycle? | Start: enzyme rebisco attaches CO2 to RUBP= 2 three carbon PGA molecules End:2 pgal combined to form glucose(6 carbon sugar) |
| During the _____reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is captured on the ___________membranes of the chloroplast. | light, thylacoid |
| Light is absorbed by pigments which are organized into discrete units called ________, of which there are two types, called PS I and PS II. In these units, the light energy is transferred to electrons, which then become "excited". | LHC/photo systems |
| These electrons then give up their energy as they pass down an ________ (= 3 words) which transfers the energy into chemical bonds of either NADPH( or ______. | ETC, ATP |
| The energy captured in the light reactions is then used in the ______ reactions of photosynthesis, to "fuel" the ______cycle. In this cycle, the gas _____ is incorporated into carbohydrates, a process which is called ________(=2 words). | light, 2CP, the calvin benson cycle |
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