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FCS 303 CHPT 10
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy balance | the relationship between energy intake & expenditure |
| Energy equilibrium | when energy intake match the amount of energy expended |
| Positive energy balance | if energy intake exceeds energy expended (weight gain)) |
| Negative energy balance | if energy intake is LESS THAN energy expended (weight loss) |
| basal metabolism | minimum amount of energy the body uses to support itself when fasting, resting, and awake in a warm, quiet environment |
| thermic effect of food | energy the body uses to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients |
| thermogenesis | heat production by humans |
| Bomb calorimeter | device that measures calorie content |
| What are the 3 main purposes that the body uses energy for? | basal metabolism, physical activity, and the digestion/absorption/processing of ingested nutrients |
| What is a fourth/minor form of energy output? | thermogenesis |
| Thermogenesis | the energy expended during fidgeting or shivering in response to cold |
| Resting metabolism | basal metabolism IF the person is NOT fasting or completely rested |
| What factors can increase basal metabolism? | greater muscle mass, larger body surface area, male gender, body temperature, growth stages, caffeine/tobacco use, recent exercise, etc. |
| What factors can decrease basal metabolism? | hypothyroidism, restricted caloric intake, less body surface area & muscle mass, and aging after 30 years old |
| NEAT | non-exercise activity thermogenesis; thermogenesis or also called thermoregulation |
| Direct calorimetry | estimates energy expenditure by measuring the amount of body heat released by a person; insulated chamber with layer of water surrounding & temp of water is measure |
| Indirect calorimetery | most commonly used method to determine energy use; looks at expired air from an individual during a specified amount of time |
| Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) | measurements based on formulas, developed by the Food & Nutrition Board, that can estimate energy needs using weight, height, gender, age, & physical activity |
| Appetite | the psychological drive to eat; affected most by external factors (social, time of day, mood, memories, sight, etc.) |
| Hunger | physiological drive to find and eat food; controlled by internal body mechanisms |
| Satiety | we feel satisfaction and no longer have the drive to eat |
| What is the key site in the body for satiety cues? | hypothalamus |
| sympathetic nervous system | part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary vital functions, including the activity of the heart muscle, smooth muscle, and adrenal glands |
| Ghrelin | hormone made by the stomach that increases food intake |
| Leptin | hormone made by adipose tissue that influences long-term regulation of fat mass |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | weight for height standard; body weight in lbs x 703 divided by height in inches |
| underwater weighing | is one of the most accurate ways to measure body fat content |
| air displacement | measure the space a person takes up inside a chamber; BodPod |
| Skinfold thickness | use of calipers to measure the fat layer directly under the skin |
| Bioelectrical impedance | estimates body fat by sending a low energy electrical current through the body |
| Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) | MOST accurate way to measure bodyfat; uses dose of radiation; expensive |
| What two hormones encourage the storage of fat in the lower body? | estrogen and progesterone |
| What hormone encourages the storage of fat in the upper body? | testosterone |
| How big is the impact of genetics on weight differences? | 40-70% |
| Set point theory | proposes that humans have a genetically predetermined body weight or fat content that is closely regulated |
| What factors affect body weight & composition? 5) | genetics, set-point theory, environment, disease, & disorders |
| Marfan syndrome | genetic disorder affecting muscles and skeleton, characterized by tallness, long arms, and little subcutaneous fat |
| Prader-Willi syndrome | genetic disorder characterized by shortness, mental retardation, and uncontrolled appetite, caused by a dysfunction of the nervous system, leading to extreme obesity |
| What are the 3 key components to a weight-loss program? | control of energy intake, regular physical activity, and control of problem behaviors |
| Chain-breaking | separates the link between behaviors that tend to occur together; e.g. snacking on chips while watching TV |
| Stimulus control | alters the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating |
| Cognitive restructuring | changes one's frame of mind regarding eating |
| Contingency management | prepares one for situations that may trigger overeating or hinder physical activity |
| Self-monitoring | tracks which foods are eaten, when, why, and how on feels |
| 4 behaviors of successful weight maintainers | eat a low fat, high carb diet; eat breakfast; self monitor by weighing regular & food journaling; have a physical activity plan |
| disordered eating | mild and short-term changes to eating patterns that occur in response to a stressful event, illness, or desire to modify the diet for health/appearance reasons |
| What are the main types of eating disorders? | anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and EDNOS (also binge-eating is common) |
| eating disorder | severe alterations in eating linked to physiological changes; food restricting, binge eating, purging, weight fluctuations, and emotional changes in perceptions of ones body |
Created by:
amay322