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AH Exam 1

QuestionAnswer
During the 20th century in the US many infectious diseases were controlled and chronic diseases became a greater concern.
During the 20th century in the US the average life span increased by 30 years.
Unhealthy lifestyle characteristics have led to US ranking 94th out of 225 countries in crude death rate, and 42nd out of 223 countries in life expectancy.
Four modifiable health damaging health behaviors identified in the US were tobacco use, lack of physical activity, poor eating habits, and excess alcohol consumption.
Health promotion era of public health began in 1974.
Healthy people defines the nation's health agenda, and guides health policy.
Healthy people initiatives have continued in 2000 and 2010.
Today behavior patterns continue to represent the single most prominent domain of influence over health prospects in the US.
There is a need in the US for health information to be understood by the average person.
There is a need in the US for health professionals to provide the public with the information and skills to make quality health decisions.
The 1979 healthy people contained the surgeon general's report on health promotion and disease prevention.
1980s is known as the health promotion era.
During the 1990's health promotion is established with a focus on planning, program development, and evaluation.
Health education is more than simply disseminating health information.
Heath education is using evidence based practices and sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
Health education is any planned combination of learning experiences designed to predispose, enable, and reinforce voluntary behavior conducive to health in individuals, groups, and communities.
Health promotion is a broader term.
Health promotion is any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.
Health promotion takes into account that human behavior is not only governed by personal factors but also the structure of the environment.
Heath educator is a professionally prepared individual who serves in a variety of roles and is specifically trained to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and sytems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.
It is recommended that the profession de emphasize the term health educator and use the term health education specialist in its place.
Health education specialist is an individual who has met, at a minimum, baccalaureate level required health education academic preparation qualifications, who serves in a variety of settings, and is able to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities.
Health education specialists are found in a variety of settings such as schools, community health agencies, worksites, and health care settings.
There is a need for a health education specialist to provide education at all three levels of prevention.
The three levels of prevention are primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Primary prevention is preventative measures that forestall the onset of illness or injury during the pre pathogenesis period.
Secondary prevention is preventative measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease, illness, or injury to limit disability, impairment, or dependency and prevent more severe pathogenesis.
Tertiary prevention is preventative measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis.
Health status can be changed.
Health and disease are dynamic.
Disease theories and principles can be understood.
Appropriate prevention strategies can be developed.
Behavior can be changed and those changes can impact health.
Many things contribute to health and influence behavior change.
Initiating and maintaing a behavior change is difficult.
Individual responsibility should not be viewed as victim blaming.
For behavior change to be permanent, the person must be motivated and ready to change.
Systematic planning is important because planning forces planners to think through details in advance.
Systematic planning is important because planning helps to make a program transparent. Good planning keeps the program stakeholders informed.
Stakeholders are any person or organization with a vested interest in a program.
Systematic planning is empowering. Once decision makers give approval to the resulting comprehensive program plan, planners and facilitators are empowered to implement the program, encouraging ownership of the program.
Decision makers are those who have the authority to approve a plan, such as administrator of an organization.
Systematic planning is important because planning creates alignment. All organization members have a better understanding of where they fit in the organization and the importance that the plan carries.
Generalized model of program planning assessing needs, setting goals and objectives, developing an intervention, implementing the intervention, and evaluating the results.
Pre planning allows a core group of people (steering commitee) to gather answers to key questions critical to the planning before the planning, and helps clarify and give direction to the planning.
Questions to be answered in the pre planning process include the purpose of the program, scope of the planning process, planning process outcomes, leadership and structure, identifying and engaging partners, and identifying and securing resources.
Planners need to have a very good understanding of the community where the program will be implemented, finding out as much as possible about the priority population, and the environment in which it exists.
Priority population are those for whom the program is intended to serve.
Planning a health promotion program is a multistep process.
After pre-planning, the multi-step process we'll use as our guide is the generalized model.
Due to the variety of settings and resources, the planning process doesn't always start the same way.
A program that has been successful in the past may need to be changed a bit or reworked before implementing again.
Often the need is not so obvious, or a successful health promotion program has not preceded the present time so we need to gain support of key people for the program by creating a program rationale.
No matter what the setting for your program it's important to have support from the highest level.
Decision makers are those who provide and allocate the necessary resource and support.
Resources usually means money that can be turned into staff, facilities, supplies,utilities, etc.
Support usually means a range of things such as policies, program and concept visibility, value, personal involvement of key managers, and decision making.
Often the idea for a program comes from someone other than one who is a part of the top level of the community, and they will need help selling the idea to those at the top.
Most planners will need to create a rationale (written proposal) to sell the program.
In order to measure decision maker's support for health promotion there is a validated measurement tool called the learning by example (LBE) instrument.
Gaining support is one of the most important steps in the planning process.
The logical format for a rationale is presented as the inverted triangle.
Triangle is symbolic of the design going from global terms to a focused solution.
The inverted triangle has 3 parts ID health problem more globally, narrow the health problem to priority population, and provide a more focused solution.
Before planners begin to write a program rationale they need to identify appropriate sources of information and data that can be used to help sell program development.
A typical place to begin to conduct research is to look at existing literature such as articles, books, and government publications.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that express the needs and wants of the priority population. Likely not available through literature search.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that describe the status of the health problems within a given population.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that show how the potential outcomes of the proposed program align with what the decision makers feel is important.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that show compatibility with the health plan of a state or the nation.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that provide evidence that the proposed program will make a difference.
Information that is helpful in writing a rationale are those that show how the proposed program will protect and preserve the single biggest asset of most organizations.
Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) when a rationale includes an economic component, often reported based on CBA, CBA examines the benefit received from the dollars invested in the program.
Return on Investment (ROI) The ROI is a common method of reporting a CBA, it measures the costs of a program versus the financial return realized by that program.
Proving economic impact of health promotion programs is not easy.
In general, ROI compares the dollars invested in something to the benefits produced by that investment. In the case of an investment in a prevention program, ROI compares the savings produced by the intervention, to the programs cost by dividing the net savings by the cost of the intervention, when ROI equals 0 the program pays for itself. When ROI is greater than 0, then the program is producing savings that exceed the cost of the program.
Titles for a rationale can be quite simple such as A rationale for (blank): A program to enhance the health of (blank).
Immediately following the title of a rationale should be a listing of who contributed to the authorship of the rationale.
Within a rationale you should identify the health problem from a global perspective. Show the relationship of the local health problem to the bigger problem. If available, also include the economic costs of the problem, this stregthens the rationale.
Within a rationale you should identify the health problem that is the focus of the rationale, this is called a problem statement.
Problem statement is the focus of the rationale and should also include why it is a problem and why it should be dealt with.
Use social math to help highlight economic impact this can be seen on earthclock, and other poodwaddle clocks for global issues.
Within a rationale you should propose a solution to the problem. Include the name and purpose of the proposed health promotion program, and a general overview of what the program may include. Often a best guess since the rationale typically precedes a lot of the formal planning process.
Within your rationale you should include statements indicating what can be gained from the program.
Within your rationale you should state why the program will be successful. Use results of evidence-based practice to support the rationale, and point out the similarity of the priority population to others/recipients of similar successful programs.
The final step in creating a rationale is to include a list of the references used in preparing the rationale. Having a reference list shows decision makers that you studied the available information before presenting your idea. Be consistent with formatting references and use APA format.
The number of people involved in a planning committee depends on resources and circumstances of the particular situation.
Identifying individuals who would be willing to serve as members of a planning committee becomes one of the planner's first tasks.
The number of individuals on a planning committee can differ depending on the setting for the program, and the size of the priority population. There is no ideal size.
Planning committee should be composed of individuals who represent a variety of subgroups within the priority population.
If the program that is being planned deals with a specific health risk or problem it would be important that someone with that health risk, or problem, be included on the planning committee.
The planning committee should be composed of individuals willing to serve who are interested in seeing the program succeed, include doers and influencers!
Planning committee should include someone who has a key role in the organization sponsoring the program.
Planning committee should include representatives of other stakeholders, any person or organization with a vested interest in a program , not represented in the priority population.
Planning committee should regularly evaluate membership to ensure fulfillment of goals and objectives.
If the planning committee will be in place for a long period of time new individuals should be added periodically to generate new ideas and ethusiasm.
Within your planning committee be aware of politics, there will always be people who bring their own agendas.
Make sure your planning committee is large enough to accomplish work, but small enough to be able to make decisions and reach consensus.
In some situations there might be a need for multiple layers of planning committees. Such as when target population is highly dispersed geographically,
Makeup of a solid planning/ steering committee include representatives of all segments of priority population, doers, influencers, representative of sponsoring agency, other stakeholders,and good leadership.
Five common techniques for choosing members of a planning committee are asking for volunteers, holding an election, inviting/recruiting people to serve, having members formally appointed by a governing group or individual, and having an application process then selecting those with the most desirable characteristics.
Committee members on the planning committee must identify the planning parameters within which they will work.
Planning models serve as frames from which to build and provide structure and organization for the planning process. There are many different odels, they have common elements but different labels.
Assessing needs is collecting and analyzing data to determine the health needs of a population, setting priorities and selecting a priority population.
Setting goals and objectives looks at what will be accomplished.
Developing interventions looks at how goals and objectives will be achieved.
Implementing interventions means putting interventions into action.
Evaluating results looks at improving quality and determining effectiveness.
Generalized model consists of five basic elements assessing needs, setting goals and objectives, developing interventions, and evaluating results.
Formative evaluation quality of program.
Summative evaluations effectiveness of program.
Pre planning is a quasi step in the model but is not included formally since it inovlves actions that occur before planning technically begins.
Created by: 1298809275
 

 



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