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psy33 test2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stress | as any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities |
| Primary and secondary appraisal of stress | Primary appraisal- initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to you, (2) relevant but not threatening,or (3)stressful.secondary appraisal-an evaluation of your coping resources and options for dealing with the stress. |
| Ambient stress | chronic environmental conditions that, although not urgent, are negatively valued and place adaptive demands on people |
| Acute and chronic stressors | threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear endpoint. Chronic stressors are threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit. |
| Frustration | occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted |
| conflict (approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance), | two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression. approach-approach-> between two attractive goals,avoidance-avoidance-between two both attractive and unattractive aspects. |
| life changes | any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment. CHANGE EQUALS STRESS |
| SRRS Social Readjustment Rating Scale | measure life change as a form of stress. The scale assigns numerical values to 43 major life events that are supposed to reflect the magnitude of the readjustment required by each change |
| pressure | expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way. Pressure can be divided into two subtypes: the pressure to perform and the pressure to conform. |
| Emotional responses to stress | emotions are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes. When people are under stress, they often react emotionally. |
| Physiological responses to stress Fight-or-Flight response, Tend-or-Befriend response, autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), General Adaptation Syndrome (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion), catecholamines, corticosteroids | fight/flight- physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking(fight) or fleeing (flight) HR,BP,Resp increase, digestion decreases.sympathetic from ANS gives energy, parasympathetic rests. corticosteroids and catecholamines |
| Factors influencing stress tolerance Social support | refers to various types of aid and succor provided by members of one’s social networks.could promote wellness-making appraisals of stressful events more benign,lowering intensity of physiological reactions to stress,reducing health-impairing behaviors |
| Coping | coping refers to efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress |
| Learned helplessness(giving up) | passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events. people’s cognitive interpretation of aversive events determines whether they develop learned helplessness |
| aggression | any behavior intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally |
| catharsis | release of emotional tension, vent anger, Behaving in an aggressive manner tends to fuel more anger and aggression |
| self-indulgence | reduced impulse control, |
| blaming yourself | unrealistically negative self-evaluation, “catastrophic thinking self-blame is associated with increased distress and depression |
| defensive coping-denial | Protecting oneself from unpleasant reality by refusing to perceive or face it. |
| defensive coping-fantasy | Gratifying frustrated desires by imaginary achievements |
| defensive coping-intellectualization | (isolation). Cutting off emotion from hurtful situations or separating incompatible attitudes in logic-tight compartments. |
| defensive coping-undoing | Atoning for or trying to magically dispel unacceptable desires or acts |
| defensive coping-overcompensation | Covering up felt weaknesses by emphasizing some desirable characteristic, or making up for frustration in one area by overgratifi cation in another |
| Constructive coping | efforts to deal with stressful events that are judged to be relatively healthful- confront problems directly,takes effort,realistic appraisals of your stress and coping resources,learn to recognize/manage disruptive emotional reactions2stress-self control |
| Ellis’s Rational Thinking (A-B-C model, roots of catastrophic thinking, reducing catastrophic thinking), | activating event-potentially stressful event Belief system-how you perceive the stress-negative or positive Consequences of your thinking (- or+)roots-thinking "always,never,must irrationally" must recognize/dispute negative self talk |
| humor as a stress reducer | Less threatening appraisals of stressful events Increased experience of positive emotions Rewarding social relations, greater social support |
| positive reinterpretation | commonsense strategy of recognizing that things could be worse, search for something good in a bad experience. |
| Emotion-focused coping-Emotional intelligence | consists of the ability to perceive and express emotion, use emotions to facilitate thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion. |
| Emotion-focused coping-expressing emotions (psychological inhibitions), | efforts to actively suppress emotions result in increased stress and autonomic arousal, writing about it to yourself |
| Emotion-focused coping-managing hostility | not to suppress the overt expression of hostility that may continue to seethe beneath the surface, but to actually reduce the frequency and intensity of one’s hostile feelings-redirection |
| Emotion-focused coping- forgiving others | involves counteracting the natural tendencies to seek vengeance or avoid an offender, thereby releasing this person from further liability for his or her transgression. |
| Emotion-focused coping-exercising | increase in emotional control and a decrease in emotional distress, an outlet for frustration, a distraction from the stressor, and benefits to physical and psychological health. |
| Emotion-focused coping-meditation | mental exercises in which a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way.can improve learning, energy level, work productivity, physical health,mental health, general happiness while reducing tension/anxiety |
| 1. Describe the “fight-or-flight” response and contrast it with the “tend-and-befriend response” | |
| 2. Describe the three stages of the General Adaptation syndrome. | |
| 3. Explain Albert Ellis’s A-B-C model of emotional reactions. Be sure to discuss the roots of catastrophic thinking and how to reduce catastrophic thinking. | |
| 4.example of each of the following coping tactics and describe how each one helps individuals cope with stress:active coping, positive reinterpretation, expressing emotions, denial, mental disengagement, and seeking support for instrumental reasons. | |
| corticosteroids shp(acth)ac-c | stress makes hypothalamus signal pituitary gland which makes ACTH(adrenocorticotropic hormone) which signals the adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteroids which increase protein and fat mobilization, decreased inflammation |
| catecholamines | stress makes hypothalamus activate the ans |
| Active coping | "I take additional action to try to get rid of the problem." |
| Planning | I come up with a strategy about what to do. |
| Suppression of competing activities | I put aside other activities in order to concentrate on this. |
| Restraint coping | I force myself to wait for the right time to do something |
| Seeking social support for instrumental reasons | I ask people who have had similar experiences what they did. |
| Seeking social support for emotional reasons | I talk to someone about how I feel. |
| Positive reinterpretation and growth | I look for the good in what is happening. |
| Acceptance | I learn to live with it. |
| Turning to religion | I seek God’s help. |
| Focus on and venting of emotions | I get upset and let my emotions out. |
| Denial | refuse to believe that it has happened. |
| Behavioral disengagement | I give up the attempt to get what I want. |
| Mental disengagement | I turn to work or other substitute activities to take my mind off things. |
| Alcohol-drug disengagement | I drink alcohol or take drugs in order to think about it less. |
| cortisol | corticosteroid, physiological indicator of stress in humans |
| Potential effects of stress Impaired task performance | choking under pressure |
| Potential effects of stress disruption of cognitive functioning | detrimental effects on certain aspects of memory functioning,may not be able to process, manipulate,or integrate new information as effectively as normal. |
| Potential effects of stress burnout | syndrome involving physical and emotional exhaustion,cynicism, and a lowered sense of self-efficacy that is attributable to work-related stress-Exhaustion |
| Potential effects of stress PTSD | enduring psychological disturbance by experiencing a major traumatic event.Common symptoms=reexperiencing the traumatic event in nightmares and flashbacks,emotional numbing,alienation,problems in social relations,+elevated arousal,anxiety+guilt |
| Potential effects of stress psychosomatic diseases | defined as genuine physical ailments thought to be caused in part by stress and other psychological factors |
| Potential effects of stress- positive effects | |
| hardiness, | a disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance. |
| optimism | general tendency to expect good outcomes |
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psy33