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Chapter 4
CA
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Microsystem | Consists of people and objects in an individual's immediate environment. |
| Mesosystem | Represents the fact what happens in one microsystem is likely to influence what happens to others. |
| Exosystem | A social setting that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development. |
| Macrosystem | The broadest environmental context, the subcultures and cultures in which microsystem, mesosytem, and exosystem are embedded. |
| Chronosystem | When all the systems change over time, this dimension occurs. |
| Authoritarian Parenting | Combines high control with little warmth. Parents who lay down rules and expect them to be followed with no discussion. |
| Authoritative Parenting | Combines a fair degree of parental control with warmth and responsivity to children. Parents who explain rules and encourage discussion. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Parents often unwittingly reinforce the very behavior they want to discourage. |
| Blended Family | A biological parent, stepparent, and children is blended family. |
| Maltreatment | When parents abuse their children. |
| Ego-Resilience | Denotes children's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situation. |
| Direct Instruction | Telling a child what to do, when and why. |
| Observational Learning | Children learning what to do or not what to do by watching their parents. |
| Reinforcement | Is any action that increases the likelihood of the response that it follows. |
| Counterimitation | Learning what should not be done. |
| Permissive Parenting | Offers warmth and caring but little parental control. Parents who accept their child's behavior and punish them infrequently. |
| Uninvolved Parenting | Provides neither warmth nor control. Parent who provide for their children's basic physical and emotional needs but little less. |
| Joint Custody | Both parents retain legal custody of the children. |
| Authority Oriented Grandparents | Provide discipline for their grandchildren but not particularly active in their grandchildren's lives. |
| Passive Grandparents | Are caught up in their grandchildren's development but not with intensity of influential or supportive grandparents; they do not assume parental roles. |