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A&P 2 EXAM 2
cardiovascular
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 3 different types of vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| which way do arteries carry blood | away from the heart |
| are arteries oxygenated or deoxygenated | oxygenated except pulmonary artery |
| which way do veins carry blood | bring blood back to heart |
| are veins oxygenated or deoxygenated | deoxygenated except pulmonary vein |
| what are capillaries | where arteries and veins converge allow for rapid diffusion of nutrients and gases |
| what are the 2 layers of vessels | tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa |
| which layer of the vessel is in the middle | tunica interna |
| tunica interna get O2 | directly from blood |
| describe the Tunica interna part of vessel | sleek & shinny (bowling lane) so RBC dont get stuck |
| the thickest layer of vessels | tunica media |
| what is the function of the tunica media | strengthen vessel, help to not have BP changes |
| what is the outer layer of the vessel called | tunica externa |
| tunica externa merges with | nerves & organs |
| the tunica externa main job is | to anchor the vessel so it doesn't flip flop around |
| the tunica externa provides passage for | small nerves, lymph vessels, smaller BV |
| when using a cadaver how to arteries respond | deforms but springs back to normal |
| when using a cadaver how to veins respond | collapse |
| when using a cadaver how to nerves respond | does not deform |
| the different arteries | conducting arteries, distributing arteries, arterioles, metatarterioles |
| which is the biggest artery | conducting artery |
| how do conducting arteries react to systole reactions | expand during systole and recoil during diastole |
| conducting arteries help decrease change in what | blood pressure |
| smaller artiers, they distribute to organs, several layers of smooth muscle & named for location | distributing arteries |
| the smallest artery made of smooth muscle and a little elastic tissue | arterioles |
| what link arterioles and capillaries | metaarterioles |
| what is the shortest artery & form pre-capillary sphincter | metaarteioles |
| constriction of metarterioles affect BP how | decrease BP |
| dilation of metarteroles affected BP how | increase BP |
| Where does all O2 exchange take place | capillaries |
| capillaries are scarce in | tendons & ligaments |
| capillaries are absent in | cartilage, epithelia, corna, lens |
| continuous capillaries are what types of cells | endothelia cells |
| continuous capillaries are separated by what | intercellular clefts |
| where are intercellular clefts not present | the brain |
| some continuous capillaries have some what | pericytes |
| what are pericytes | elongated tendrils around cap, conractile proteins, help to regulate BP, help vessel growth & repair |
| what capillaries are filtration pores | fenestrated capillaries |
| fenestrated capillaries are important in what organs | kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine |
| explain sinusoids capillaries | irregular blood filled spaces in liver & bone marrow , easy passages |
| some sinusoids capillaries have | macrophages & specialized cells |
| explain capillary permeability | intercellular cleft (wont allow a lot of fluid out) filtration pores (rapid diffusion) thru endothelia cell plasma membrane |
| capillary beds are supplied by single | metarteriole |
| how much of the body's capillareis are shut at any given time | 3/4 |
| describe a vein | thin walled & flaccid, expand easily to accommodate increase BV |
| when do veins have more blood in them | at rest |
| do veins have low or high pressure | low (10 mmHg) |
| what is the smallest vein, receive blood directly form capillary, & have more porous than capillaries, exchange fluid | post capillary venules |
| what is the only vein that can reabsorb fluid | Post capillary venules |
| describe the tunica media of the medium veins | thinner than arteries |
| describe the tunica interna of the medium veins | infolds that form valves dircted toward heart, prevents back flow |
| describe the wall and muscle of the venous sinuses | thin walls, no smooth muscle |
| what is an example of a venous sinuses | dural sinuses of brain |
| what aren't venous sinuses capable of | vasomotion |
| describe large veins | large emptying ducts |
| what happens when vericous veins forms | the valves are not working right |
| describe the circulation route | heart - arteries - capillaries - veins -heart |
| how many networks of capillaries does blood pass through from the time it leaves the heart to the time it returns | 1 |
| what is the big tube called where blood leaves heart | aorta |
| what are the 2 main veins that return blood to heart | superior & inferior vena cava |
| what is a portal system | blood flow goes through 2 consecutive capillaries, where it is filtrated before it goes to the venous system |
| what is an example of where a portal system happens | kidneys |
| what is anastomosis | 2 veins or arteries merge without capillaries |
| where does anastomosis take place | fingers, palms, ears |
| what are the 2 diff types of anastomosis | arterial & venous |
| describe arterial anastomosis | 2 arteries merge in areas where activity may compress circulation |
| describe venous anastomosis | 2 veins merge to decrease life threatening blockage |
| describe the pulmonary circuit | pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - lobar artery lead to basket capillary beds - pulmonary vein |
| what are the 3 cardiac centers | proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors |
| proprioceptors deal with what | exercise - need more blood so increase heart rate |
| what do baroreceptors do | decrease heart rate (pressoreceptors) |
| what do chemoreceptors do | identify chemical composition in blood (ph, CO2, O2) |
| what is vasomotor | constricts or dilates veins |
| vasomotor center in the medulla controlled by what | sympathetic |
| what is baroreflex | negative feedback loop for BP changes |
| in the baroreflex what nerve transmit signals to the brain | glossopharyngeal |
| if BP rises signal rate | increases |
| when signal rate increases what happens | inhibits sympathetic cardiac & vasonerurons, reduces sympathetic tone & excites vagus |
| reducing the sympathetic tone & exciting the vagus does what to HR | decreases it |
| what are the 2 cardiovascular reflexes | chemoreflex, meduallary ischemic reflex |
| define ischemic | lack of blood |
| what does chemoreflex do | changes in blood chemistry |
| what does the meduallary ischemic reflex do | response to drop in perfusion of brain |
| what is the effect of the meduallary ischemic reflex | increase HR & contraction force, vasoconstriction |
| medulla has ____ center | cardiac |
| what are the 2 neural pools of the medulla cardiac center | cardioacceleeratory, carioinhibitory |
| which neural pool signals sympathetic cardiac nerves | cardioacceleratory |
| which neural pool accelerates parasympathetic fibers in vagus | carioinhibitory |
| cardioacceleratory secretes what which does what | norepineprhine which increase heart rate |
| cardioinhibitory secretes what which does what | ATCH which opens K channels |
| what happens if K leaves cells | hyperpolarizes and fires less frequently |
| vagus nerve maintains a background firing rate called | vagal tone 60-80 bpm |
| what is the pace maker of the heart | SA |
| angiotensin II (hormonal control) | vasoconstrictor increase BP |
| aldosterone (hormonal control) | salt retaining |
| ANP (hormonal control) | aldosterone antagonist, A excretion in kidneys |
| ADH (hormonal control) | water retention, vasoconstrictor, increase BP |
| E & NE (hormonal control) | occur during fight or flight |
| blood pressure is determined by what 3 things | CO, blood volume, resistance to flow |
| resistance to flow is determined by | blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius |
Created by:
tcope8