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chapter 6
bookwork
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how do stains used for light microscopy compare with those used for electron microscopy? | stains used for light microscopy are colored molecules that bind to cell components, affecting the light passing through, while stains used for electron microscopy involve heavy metal affecting beams of electron passing through |
| microscope to study changes in shape of a living wbc versus the details of surface texture of a hair | light microscope, scanning electron microscope |
| describe structure and function of the nucleus, the mitochondrion, chloroplast, and endoplasmic reticulum | the nucleus surrounded by nuclear envelope and houses chromosomes mitochondrion is the organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most atp is generated chloroplast is the photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy |
| cont | stored in sugar molecules, er network of membranous sacs/tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic/metabolic processes; has rough and smooth |
| what is the surface to volume ratio of 125x1x1 | 502/125=4 |
| what role do ribosomes play in carrying out genetic instructions? | ribosomes in the cytoplasm translate the genetic message, carried from the dna in the nucleus by mrna, into a polypeptide chain |
| describe the molecular composition of nucleoli and explain their function | nucleoli consist of dna and rRna made according to its instructions, as well as proteins imported from the cytoplasm. Together, the rRNA and proteins are assembled into large and small ribosomal subunits |
| as cell begins dividing, chromatin become more condensed. Does the number of chromosomes change? | No each chromosome is present no matter what the density |
| describe the structural and functional distinctions between rough and smooth ER | the main difference is rough has ribosomes. Both make phospholipids, but membrane proteins and secretory proteins are all produced on the ribosomes of the rough er. Smooth deals with detox carb metabolism and storage of calcium ions |
| Describe how transport vesicles integrate the endomembrane system? | transport vesicles move membranes and substances they enclose between other components of the endomembrane system |
| protein functions in er but needs modification from golgi before achieving function. Describe the proteins path through the cell, starting with the mRNA molecule that specifies the protein | the mrna is synthesized in the nucleus and then passes out through nuclear pore to be translated on a bound ribosome, attatched to the rough er. A transport vesicle carries the protein to the golgi apparatus. After further modification in the golgi, |
| continue | after further modification in the Golgi another transport vesicle carries it back to the ER, where it will perform its cellular function |
| Describe two common characteristics of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Consider both function and membrane structures | both transform energy, mitochondria cellular respiration while chloroplast= photosynthesis, Both have multiple membranes, cristae and thylakoid membrane have large surface areas with embedded enzymes that carry out their main function |
| Do plants have mitochondria? | yes. Plant cells are able to make sugar but mitochondria generates energy from the sugar and functions required |
| a classmate proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts should be classified in the endomembrane argue against | Mitochondrian and choloroplasts are not derived from the ER, nor are they connected physically or via transport vesicles to organelles of the endomembrane system. both different structures from vesicles derived from ER, which bounded by one membrane |
| Describe shared features of microtubule based motion of flagella and microfilament based muscle contraction? | Both systems involve long filaments that are moved in relation to each other by motor proteins that grip, release, and grip again adjacent polymers |
| how do cilia and flagella bend? | Dynein arms, powered by ATP, move neighboring doublets of microtubules relative to each other. Because anchored withing the organelle, doublets bend instead of sliding past eachother. Synced bending of nine microtubules doublets brings bending both stru |
| sterility can come from immotile sperm, also suffer lung infections. Since genetic basis, what is the underling defect? | Defects of the microtubulebased movement of cilia and flagella. Thus, the sperm can't move because of malfunctioning flagella, and the airways are compromised because cilia that line the trachea malfunction or don't exist, and so mucus cannot be cleared |
| in what way are the cells of plants and animals structurally different from single-celled eukaryotes? | there is direct cytoplasm connections between cells of plants (plasmodesta) and animals (gap junctions) |
| if the plant cell wall or animal extracellular matrix were impermeable, what effect would this have on cell function? | cell couldnt function and die because exchange of matter between the cell and its external environment is needed. Molecules involved in energy production must be allowed in as well as providing feedback on environment.products of synthesized cells exit |
| The polypeptide chain weaves back and forth through the membrane four times, two extracellular loops and one loop plus short c terminal and n terminal tails. Predict amino acid sequence | parts facing water would be polar parts through the membrane nonpolar expect polar in ends and the two extracellular loops and nonpolar in the regions going throughthe membrane. |
| How do microscopy and biochemistry complement each other to reveal cell structure? | light and electron microscopy allow visual study cells, helps understand internal cellular structure cell components, then analyzed biochemically to determine their function. Correlate biochemical function of the cell with the cell components responsible |
| describe the relationship between the nucleus and ribosomes | the nucleus contains genetic material of the cell of the cell in the form of DNA, which codes for messanger RNA, which in turn provides instructions for the synthesis of proteins including the proteins that make up part of ribosomes. DNA also |
| continued | codes for rrna which is combined with proteins in the nucleolus into the subunits of ribosomes. Witin the cytoplasm ribosomes join mrna to build polypeptides using genetic information in mrna |
| what is the endosymbiont theory | mitochondria originated from an oxygen using prokaryote that was engulfed by eukaryote and overtime the host evolved into one organism and chloroplast happened when a photosynthetic prokaryote ingested |
| describe the role of motor proteins inside the eukaryotic cell and in whole cell movement | motor protein in cell interact parts cytoskeleton to move cellular parts. Movement in cytoplasm from actin and myosin interaction. Flagella and cilia bending leads to movement from motor protein sliding of microtubules. |
| compare the composition and functions of a plant cell wall and the extracellular matrix of an animal | cell wall mostly microfibrils of cellulose of cellulose embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins. ECM has collagen and other proteins. Fibers embedded in carb rich proteoglycans. Cell wall is structure similar to ecm but ecm gives feedback environme |
| Describe the key role played by transport vesicles in the endomembrane syste | Transport vesicles move proteins and membranes synthesized by the rough er to the golgi apparatus for further processing and then to the plasma membranes lysosomes or other location in the cell including back to the er |
| explain the compartmental organization of a eukaryotic cell contributes to its biochemical function | the separation of different functions in different organelles has advantages. Reactants and enzymes can be concentrated. Reactions needing specific environments can be compartmentalized. |
| structures of the endomembrane system | nuclear envelope, Golgi, plasma membrane, er |
| common structure plants and animals share | mitochondrion |
| what seen in prokaryotic cell | ribosome |
| what goes with nucleolus, lysosome, Golgi, microtubule | production of ribosomal subunits, intracellular digestion, trafficking, muscle contraction |
| cyanide binds to at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the | mitochondria |
| what is the most likely pathway taken by a newly synthesized protein that will be secreted by a cell | er Golgi vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane |
| which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? | phagocytic white blood cells |
| compare/ contrast prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic | no nucleus in prokaryotes more primitive evolved first no membrane bound organelles smaller but still have dna, eukaryotes have nucleus believed to come from pro has membrane bound and larger |
| compare contrast plant and animal | plant box like cell wall chloroplast still have mitochondria large central vacuole plasmodesmata interconnection between cells, no centrosomes, animal no cell wall or chloroplast smaller digestive vacuoles lysosomes gap junctions and centrosomes for divi |
| fimbriae | an appendage composed of curlin proteins that found on many Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria thinner and shorter than a flagellum used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to adhere to animal cells and mate objects |
| nucleoidregion | the central region in a prokaryotic cell, as a bacterium, that contains the chromosomes and that has no surrounding membrane |
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