Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
BCOM Test 2
Chapters 5-8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Priming is a popular area of media effects research based upon the psychological principles of information processing by means of…. | Cognitive components |
| Area of media effects research dealing with how new information can trigger the remembrance of old information archived in our brains | Priming |
| According to priming, the content of a message is reinforced by... | The related thoughts and concepts it brings to mind (things we've already been exposed to) |
| True or false: According to priming, the related thoughts brought up by a media message can be permanently associated with that message content. | True. |
| Media priming is associated with what two models? | Cognitive neoassociation, general affective aggression model |
| Priming model that says past experiences are remembered and associated with new information | Cognitive neoassociation |
| Priming model that says priming is a three-step process of exposure, automatic appraisal, and secondary careful appraisal | General affective aggression model |
| The study of priming is based upon the concept of... | Cognitive neoassociation |
| According to the general affective aggression model, what are the three steps of the priming process? | Exposure to idea, automatic (immediate) appraisal of idea, secondary careful appraisal of first reaction |
| Priming can affect both our ______ and ________. | Mind, behavior |
| Priming is activated when... | Exposure to mediated communications causes us to remember memories stored in our brains |
| What are the three conceptual roots of priming? | Cognitive neoassociation, general affective aggression model, mental models |
| Conceptual root of priming that is dynamic mental representation created to comprehend incoming information | Mental model |
| What are the four uses of a mental model in priming? | Process, organize, and comprehend incoming information; make social judgements; formulate predictions and inferences; generate descriptions and explanations of how a system operates |
| What is the main mental model used in priming? | Situation model |
| In priming, a mental model can be a dynamic mental representation of what three things? | A situation, event, or object |
| Mental model in priming that uses less abstract creation in memory to represent a particular story or episode | Situation model |
| Cognitive structure used in priming that represents the knowledge of a concept | Schema |
| Give an example of how schema works. | You can understand that a motor is needed to run a car without actually understanding how the motor works. |
| True or false: Mental models in priming require constant repetition of the message, but they can exist longer than a network model. | True |
| True or false: Mental models in priming can be abstract. | False. They're never abstract - they're always rooted in some context. |
| The lasting effects of political messages that last weeks or months can be explained by... | Mental models in priming - if the message is repeated many times it has a long-lasting effect |
| What are the five intervening variables that enhance the effects of priming? | Perceived meaning of the communication; perceived justifiability of witnessed aggression; extent of audience identification with characters; perceived reality of mediated communication; memories of prior experience |
| Intervening variable of priming that means that what you're told something seen on screen means will affect how you view it | Perceived meaning of communication |
| Give an example of how perceived meaning of communication in priming works. | People were shown a boxing match and either told it was just part of the game or that they were actually trying to hurt one another. The ones told they were trying to hurt each other were "primed" for violence. |
| Intervening variable of priming that means people may try to justify their actions because they have no consequences when shown on TV | Perceived justifiability |
| Give an example of how perceived justifiability works in priming. | "The A-Team" had lots of violence in it but no one ever got hurt. This made people think that their own violence would have no consequence. |
| Intervening variable of priming that means when a person identifies with a certain character, they're more likely to agree with what that person is saying | Character identification |
| Give an example of character identification in priming. | People love Stephen Colbert and listen to everything he says. This means they're more likely to agree with his opinions. |
| Intervening variable of priming that means people sometimes can't tell if what they're viewing on screen is fiction or reality, and this has an effect on how they view the world | Perceived reality |
| Give an example of perceived reality in priming. | People weren't sure if the movie Paranormal Activity was Hollywood or a documentary, and it made many believe in the existence of ghosts or become scared. |
| Intervening variable of priming that means that prior experience with a topic will strengthen its priming effect on a viewer | Memories of prior experiences |
| Experience of priming when audience members all have similar thoughts when watching something - the WAY they think about it varies based on their own experiences, but they're all similar | Semantically similar thoughts |
| How do researchers conduct priming experiments? | Subtly introduce certain thoughts into the mind of an individual, then test them to see the extent of the priming effect. |
| True or false: Schema is a mental model of priming. | False. It's a characteristic of a mental model, but it isn't one itself. |
| True or false: Early priming studies showed that priming can occur without you being aware of it. | True. In one study people were shown words like "old", "arthritis", etc. and then walked out of the room really slowly like they were an old person. |
| Name three reasons priming can have a large effect on children. | They're most affected my media because they're still forming their values. They are often likely to recreate the violence/stunts they see on screen, and they may identify with the oppressors on the show. |
| The average household has how many TVs? | 2.5 |
| True or false: Kids spend more time watching TV than they do at school. | True. |
| TV violence first began with the show... | The Untouchables |
| Early priming studies focused on ______________ rather than…… | The psychological phenomenon of priming itself; the dimension of media effects |
| Priming studies have found that the ______ of a message can affect the audience's emotional disposition. | Aggressive/nonaggressive tone |
| How can priming affect low-information voters? | Media only presents certain aspects of the issues and doesn't connect all the dots. They only tell enough information to make you want to vote for one candidate or another. |
| Priming theory has become a viable theoretical basis for the explanation of many different types of... | Media effects |
| True or false: When priming occurs, we often think that its effects are our own idea. | True |
| Recent research on priming has shifted its focus from TV and film to…. | Video games |
| The recent study of political priming has shifted to the investigation of... | How film, TV, and websites prime audiences for political information |
| Recent research in priming has studied media content for the priming of ____ stereotypes. | Racial |
| True or false: Recent priming research has found that playing violent video games primes aggression for the long term. | False. It primes it for the short term only. |
| There is an absence of ______ studies to evaluate the lasting effects of priming. | Longitudinal |
| True or false: Priming studies have found that the color video game characters wear can actually have an effect on players. | True. Black-cloaked avatars prime negative attitudes in users and less group cohesion, while users of white-cloaked avatars showed more group cohesion. |
| The ______ of political priming has been found to be stronger than its ______. | Recency; frequency - hearing an ad more recently has more of an effect than hearing it frequently |
| True or false: Entertainment media as well as news media can have a political priming effect. | True |
| Name four ways entertainment media can have a political priming effect. | Crime shows increase concern w crime stats; presentation of controversial issues impact support for more effective candidate; viewers tend to evaluate candidates based on behavior during appearances on talk shows; racial/gender stereotypes prime attitudes |
| True or false: Moderately sophisticated viewers have been found to be more easily primed by mass media than the most or least sophisticated viewers. | True |
| The importance placed upon particular issues in media demonstrates a type of communication effect called... | Agenda setting |
| How can news be said to create a "pseudo-environment" through agenda setting? | The stories they focus on may portray the world in a way that doesn't accurately reflect reality. |
| Who said this: "The press may not be successful in telling its readers what to think, but it is stunningly successful in telling its readers what to think ABOUT." | Bernard Cohen |
| What was the original CBS evening news outline? | What happened in the world today, what happened in America today, what happened that was funny today |
| Control over the flow of news information by media professionals | Gatekeeping |
| Why does gatekeeping occur in media? | Especially in TV, the news window is only so big. Not everything can be covered so someone has to choose what is important. |
| In the 1960s/70s, researchers rejected the _______ to explain agenda-setting effects, and instead adopted the…. | Persuasion paradigm; cognitive paradigm |
| According to the cognitive paradigm, agenda setting occurs when three factors influence each other bidirectionally. What are these factors? | Person's behavior; person's cognitive abilities; environmental events |
| _______ felt that in order for a democracy to survive, there must be a free press to protect our liberties. | Thomas Jefferson |
| How do priming and agenda setting work together in political campaigns? | Emphasizing/calling attention to certain characteristics of political candidates influences consumer perceptions - we associate them with these ideas. News coverage of some matters and not others influences standards for judgement of candidates. |
| Explain how agenda setting and priming occurred when a mosque was being built at Ground Zero in NYC. | The coverage made other parts of the US think about mosques in their cities. Protests occurred in Murfreesboro, TN over a mosque that was already there. |
| Show that dissects the agenda set by other news stations and tells what is really going on | Daily Show |
| What determines the size of the news window in print? | Advertising. How many ads are sold allow for so many pages to be printed, and the stories must all fit within that many pages. |
| According to ______, agenda setting is bidirectional because people are both producers and consumers of the environment around them. | Bandura |
| What is the NY Times Page 1 meeting and what is its impact? | A meeting to decide what goes on the first page of the NY Times newspaper. They decided to create an online show that allowed them to do news stories without a time/space constraint. |
| What was the first agenda setting study? Whose ideas did it test? | Chapel Hill study; Walter Lippmann |
| What happened during the Chapel Hill agenda setting study and what were the results? | McCombs and Shaw tested the influence of campaign coverage on public perceptions of the important issues. They found that the issues considered salient by the news media were also considered salient by the general public. |
| What two studies were conducted during the second phase (replication) of agenda setting research? | Charlotte Voter Study; Laboratory Study |
| What happened during the Charlotte Voter Study on agenda setting and what were the results? | Shaw and McCombs replicated their initial study in Charlotte. They found that voters who used mass media more often than others were more likely to have agendas that matched the mass media agenda. |
| What happened during the laboratory studies on agenda setting and what were the results? | Participants who viewed certain stories considered the issue more significant than those who didn't see the stories. |
| What study was conducted during the third phase (contingent factors) of agenda setting research? | 1976 Candidate Study |
| What were the results of the 1976 Candidate Study on agenda setting? | Three contingent factors were found to affect the agenda setting process, and the impact was found to be greater when there was "common ground." |
| What three factors did the 1976 Candidate Study find to be contingent factors in the agenda setting process? | Voters' occupations, education levels, geographic locations |
| What were the four phases of agenda setting research? | Initial study; replication; contingent factors; who sets the media agenda |
| What study was conducted during phase four of agenda setting research? | Media Agenda Sources Study |
| The Media Agenda Sources Study on agenda setting found that four main sources influence the media agenda each day. What are they? | Sociological factors related to the news organization and other organizations; ideological concerns; individual differences among reporters and editors; routine of media work |
| Recent research on agenda setting has been on what three topics? | Attribute agenda setting/who sets the media agenda; various effects of internet news coverage; website campaigning shown to directly impact public perceptions |
| True or false: Recent agenda setting research has found that media portrayal of political candidates strongly influences voter perceptions and voting intentions. | True |
| True or false: Scholars have been able to agree upon the relationship of agenda setting, framing, and priming. | False. They disagree on how they're all related. |
| Framing studies have escalated in recent research, but its distinction from ________ needs to be clearer. | Agenda setting |
| Second level agenda setting studies, also known as attribute studies, evaluate…. | The salience of attributes of an object on public perception |
| True or false: Framing studies also look at how audience members interpret frames, or schema. | True |
| True or false: Mass media primes consumers, sets the agenda for viewers, and frames consumers. | False. Framing is a preliminary activity performed on media content, but it isn't done directly to a consumer. |
| Presenting issues in a way that influences how we think about them - influences not just what we think about but our opinions on these issues too | Framing |
| Framing theory has both _________ and _________ roots. | Psychological, sociological |
| The psychological roots of framing theory focus on... | Micro-level studies of individuals |
| What two concepts come from the psychological roots of framing theory? | Frames of reference, prospect theory |
| Person's perceptions of the world; used to understand framing theory | Frames of reference |
| Idea that framing depends on point of reference of information given | Prospect theory |
| The sociological roots of framing theory focus on... | Macro-level studies of society |
| What two concepts come from the sociological roots of framing theory? | Attribution theory, frame analysis |
| Idea in framing theory that people simplify their perceptions of social reality by making judgements about what causes others to act | Attribution theory |
| Idea in framing theory that we rely on socially shared meanings to categorize information into "schemas" or primary frameworks | Frame analysis |
| How does the prospect theory of framing explain irrational behavior? | Our behavior depends on how a decision is presented to us. Emotion also plays a big role and can be the cause of our irrational decisions. Some people are able to control their emotional responses and make rational decisions. |
| The influence of frame setting can be either _______ or ________. | Cognitive; affective |
| Both ______ and _______ of issues are important processes in framing. | Accessibility, applicability |
| Framing studies focus on the ______ of news stories and the audience ________ of news. | Origin/evolution; interpretation |
| How will framing affect you if you're being presented with new information? How will it affect you if it's dealing with information you're already familiar with? | If it's new information, you'll think about it how it's presented to you. If you've heard it before, it may make you challenge what you already think and change your mind. |
| What are the two types of framing studies? | Frame setting, frame building |
| What does it mean to frame an issue thematically? What does it mean to frame it episodically? | Thematically looks at the big picture whereas episodic looks at one event or aspect of an issue. |
| After Hurricane Katrina, local media framed the issue in a _______ manner, while national media framed it in a _______ manner. | Thematic; episodic |
| Study of how frames are constructed by news professionals | Frame building |
| Journalists may be influenced in how they construct frames by what 6 factors? | Society norms and values/cultural environment; pressure/constraint of news organizations; policy maker/interest group pressures; professional routines; journalist's own political attitudes/ideology; influence of elite members of society |
| How are elite members of society sometimes involved in frame building? | They try to exert their influence to have news media frame issues i ways that line up with their point of view. |
| Give an example of how journalists may use one person to frame an entire group. | Showing how one family is affected by a hurricane to represent the entire town |
| Study that examines the effects of news frames on an audience | Frame setting |
| What four things does the study of frame setting do? | Defines the issue; determines cause for the issue; notes implications for the issue; determines treatment of issue |
| In framing theory, what five factors influence how well we remember the news? | Gender/age/educational level/social class; personal interests of viewer; background knowledge of news events; story structure (how it's presented); visual materials accompanying story |
| Idea present in framing theory that the knowledge-rich will get richer and the knowledge-poor will never catch up. | Knowledge gap hypothesis |
| True or false: According to framing theory, visual materials can make more of an impact than the written/spoken word and be remembered longer. | True |
| What is done to jury members on a large case so they aren't affected by media surrounding the trial? | They're sequestered. |
| What four topics are being studied related to news frames and foreign policy? | Diplomatic negotiations; media's focus on particular images; reliance of news media on government sources for info (instead of doing it themselves, which could allow propaganda); relation between covered stories and accompanying video images |
| How may different news stations frame political campaigns in different ways? | They may feature different aspects of the campaign in different lights, give one candidate more airtime, ask friendlier questions, etc. |
| _______ studies are best to determine the effects of framing long-term. | Longitudinal studies |
| Longitudinal framing studies are often said to resemble _______ studies. | Priming |
| What are the 6 kinds of frames? | Gains vs losses; episodic vs thematic; strategy vs issue; human interest; conflict; economic consequences |
| What are the problems with creating different categories of frames? | Typing limits research and ignores cultural "master frames". |
| True or false: People are more afraid to lose than any positive feeling they get from gain, so when an issue is framed as losing something they are more likely to be affected by it. | True |
| What three incidents have been studied recently in framing theory? | Abu Ghraib incident; Middle East conflict; Sarah Palin |
| How has the Abu Ghraib incident been affected by framing? | This incident dealt with the torture of Iraqui prisoners by the US military. The media accepted the presidential spin of "a few bad apples" although counter framing measures were also found. |
| How has the conflict in the Middle East been affected by framing? | Its coverage has been affected by the depth of experience of journalists. |
| Who found evidence of slanted framing regarding Sarah Palin? | Entman |
| All major media outlets are owned by ___ conglomerates. | 6 |
| Although journalism has changed a lot and no one can predict its future, the core of journalism is still... | The reporter who collects and presents news |
| Media effects theory that studies how people are affected over time by the media they see | Cultivation |
| Since the dawn of mass mediated entertainment, people have feared powerful and harmful media effects, especially on children. What has happened as a result? | Media effects has been one of the most widely undertaken, socially important, and highly scrutinized areas of mass communication research. |
| Studies on mass media in the 1920s/30s dealt with ______ and ______ in ______. | Violence, sex; movies |
| In the 1960s/70s media effects studies turned to the effect of _____ on ________. | TV; children |
| What has cultivation theory found about people who watch a lot of TV? | To them, the real world resembles the world of TV. This can be very dangerous. |
| What scholar is most known for cultivation theory and the cultural indicators project? | George Gerbner |
| What has cultivation theory found about most characters in TV shows? | They're young, energetic, and attractive. They often live in places they couldn't possibly afford with the jobs they have. |
| According to cultivation theory more than ___% of TV characters are involved in violent activity each week, but in reality __% of the population are involved in violent crime each year. | 50; 1 |
| True or false: Cultivation theory finds that heavy TV viewers have a more accurate view on crime statistics in the country. | False. They often grossly overestimate crime statistics. |
| True or false: Many cultivation studies show that TV viewing distorts perception of reality. | True |
| What are the three components of George Gerbner's Cultural Indicators Project? | Cultivation theory; institutional process analysis; message system analysis |
| Component of Cultural Indicators Project that says that over time, heavy TV viewers develop world views similar to what is seen on TV | Cultivation theory |
| Part of cultivation theory that says people who watch a lot of TV often view the world as full of violence and crime | Mean world syndrome |
| Component of Cultural Indicators Project that studies how messages are made, managed, and distributed | Institutional process analysis |
| Component of Cultural Indicators Project that was the first attempt to study the way images are portrayed in media content | Message system analysis |
| Why did the Cultural Indicators Project of cultivation theory occur? | President Lyndon B. Johnson called the Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence to figure out why so many assassinations had occurred (JFK, MLK Jr, Bobby Kennedy). This was the first study they conducted. |
| Part of Cultural Indicators Project that measures TV audience perceptions of world violence and aggression | Mean world index |
| True or false: The Cultural Indicators Project continues to perform content analysis of TV violence annually. | True |
| What are the "three big networks" that the Cultural Indicators Project focuses on when it comes to network TV broadcast content? | ABC, NBC, CBS |
| The Cultural Indicators Project investigates the cultivation effects of TV portrayals regarding... | Age, gender, social behavior, etc. |
| ____ is considered the "great storyteller" of our time. | TV |
| Effect of cultivation in which people adopt behavior seen on TV | Mainstreaming |
| Effect of cultivation in which seeing something occur in the real world that happened on TV reinforces reality created by TV | Resonance |
| Give an example of how resonance works in cultivation theory. | If you watch lots of violent TV and later see people arguing in the parking lot, it reinforces the idea that the world is violent even though it may be an isolated incident. |
| Cultivation research has come to what three conclusions? | Messages are relatively uniform; viewing of TV is non-selective (programs aren't all that different in how the characters are portrayed); TV viewing is habitual |
| Cultivation theory defines TV exposure by... | Time |
| According to cultivation theory, ___ has become the primary source of shared meanings and messages worldwide. | TV |
| What are the three theoretical bases for cultivation theory? | Cognitive paradigm; persuasive communication; mental models approach |
| Theoretical basis for cultivation that says viewers learn from watch TV, then construct an outlook on the real world from what was learned | Cognitive paradigm |
| Part of cognitive paradigm that says that cognitive shortcuts accessible to heavy TV viewers enable quick responses about social reality that access portrayals on TV | Availability heuristic |
| One theoretical basis for cultivation theory is that TV is a ______ communication. | Persuasive |
| The central route of persuasion involves... | Thinking things through |
| How does the peripheral route of persuasion work in cultivation theory? | It involves less thought - beliefs are based on what is said by a TV spokesperson. This is why ads run their commercials over and over so they will be beat into our minds. |
| American TV and movies are one of our biggest exports around the world. How does this affect how others view us? | People who don't live in the US only see it as it is presented by Hollywood. |
| Why is violence so often used in TV and movies? | It is universal and everyone can understand it, unlike humor and drama that is cultural. We use it so much because it travels worldwide. |
| Theoretical basis of cultivation theory that focuses on how people construct thoughts about things | Mental models approach |
| The mental models approach used in cultivation theory finds what three things about how people construct thoughts about things? | Thoughts are malleable (can be changed); considered interaction of memories, reasoning, and experiences; TV stores are situation models that can be used to interpret new situations |
| What has recent research in cultivation theory found about the study of global perceptions of social reality attributed to TV viewing? | May be best test of system-wide similarities and differences across national boundaries; most reveal attitudes toward violence, values, social stereotypes similar to distorted TV reality |
| What has recent cultivation theory study of Australians watching US TV found? | Exposure to US TV skewed perception of Australia as a dangerous place to live. |
| What has recent cultivation theory study of Koreans watching US TV found? | Heavy viewers of US TV in Korea had more liberal values about women and families. |
| What has recent cultivation theory study of Japanese heavy TV watchers found? | Heavy viewers demonstrated traditional views about women and families. |
| Recent cultivation study found that heavy viewing of US TV in South Korea and India resulted in... | Feelings of deprivation and dissatisfaction |
| What has recent cultivation theory study found about Israeli heavy viewers of American TV? | They gave estimations of American occupations according to how they were portrayed on TV. |
| Recent cultivation theory studies confirm evidence from earlier studies that... | Heavy viewers overestimate real-world violence. |
| Recent cultivation theory studies have found what three things about heavy TV viewers? | Romanticized and were more accepting of single-parent families and unwed mothers; believed luxury items were more easily available; less likely to have knowledge of environmental issues |
| Recent cultivation theory studies have found what four things about children who are heavy TV viewers? | Hold erroneous and unhealthy view of nutrition; exhibit earlier onset of smoking; have greater acceptance of gender/sexual stereotypes; have negative perception of mentally ill |
| Recent cultivation theory studies exploring the cognitive processing involved in cultivation have found what three things? | Heavy viewers forget stories aren't real; rely on TV portrayals when making social judgements; cultivation process may strengthen beliefs already held rather than changing them |
| Recent cultivation theory studies have found that heavy viewers of TV news tend to... | Overestimate juvenile crime problems |
| Recent cultivation theory studies have found that heavy viewing of crime drama leads to... | Concern for crime in society |
| Recent cultivation theory studies have found that heavy viewing of TV fiction presenting a fair, reasonable world led to... | Cultivation of belief of a just world in Germany and Austria |
| What has been going on in recent cultivation theory studies regarding video game violence and children? | Violent video games train kids how to use weapons and program them to be apathetic to violence/death. They aren't just watching people be violent, they're holding the gun and killing people. |
Created by:
elonjustice