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Aquatic & Succession
Ecology & Environment Week 4: Succession and Aquatic Ecosystems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the SIX basic requirements for an aquatic ecosystem? | Water,Sunlight,CO2,O2,Nutrients-food and minerals and Growing temperatures. |
| Light is reflected at the... | surface |
| What is primary succession? | Sudden growth on areas deprived of life since last glacial period:Moss + fungus + lichen = pioneer species. |
| give an example of primary succession: | Bare rock, bare sand, bare lava rock |
| What is a pioneer species? | Species that establish themselves first-they can survive on basically nothing and create the first bits of organic material to help other plants grow/take root. |
| What is secondary succession? | Disrupted community,subsequently new community develops. Happens much more quickly and begins with more advanced lifeforms(grass,herbs,shrubs and seedling ect. |
| Give a Example of secondary succession: | Wildlife, clear cut, Abandoned field |
| At Bethany Beaches(field trip in week 2), what type of succession was occurring? | Secondary Succession |
| What is Ecological development? | Process of environmental modification(facilitation) by organisms, Pioneer species may give way to secondary species, Secondary species may give way to other species. |
| Climax Community is what? | Community that develops and seemingly resists further change , Climaxed white pine forest, Succession is very slow here- not STATIC! |
| Equilibrium Community (AKA Disclimax community) is what? | Never reach climax because they are adapted to periodic disruption ex: Jack pine require fire to germinate and reproduce |
| Decreasing light availability with... | increasing depth |
| Water does not absorb which colour spectrum of light? | Blue (that's why we see water as blue) |
| Which colour spectrum is most quickly/readily absorbed by water? | Red, Orange, Violet |
| The photic zone is the area where light is... | available |
| The aphotic zone occurs in the... | bottom section of the aquatic ecosysems |
| Photoynthesis occurs in the.... | euphotic zone |
| Vertical structure of light determines the zone of..... | productivity |
| Production occurs in the photic zone-----usually accomplished by | phytoplankton |
| Decomposition usually occurs in the | Aphotic zone |
| Littoral Zone is what? | High productivity, rooted vegeation |
| Limnetic Zone is what? | open water, plankton(phyto/zoo), Large fish |
| Profundal/benthic zone is what? | nutrients accumulate, anaerobic/no light, decomporsers |
| Sunlight heats up.... | Surface water |
| Wind keeps waters well... | Mixed |
| Temperature drops quickly below the.... | Thermocline |
| Woody plant is what? | Has bark around the stem, perennial, Categories: Shrubs, conifers, Deciduous |
| Non-Woody plant is what? | No bark around stem, usually annual plants. Categories: Grass, Moss Ferns Flowering plants, other. |
| Shrub is what? | Multiple stemmed from the ground |
| Coniferous Tree is what? | Has cones and usually has needles. |
| Deciduous tree is what? | Broad leaved and sheds leaves each fall. |
| Density difference of water prevents.....? | Water mixing |
| Thermocline breaks down in the fall/spring = ? | Nutrient rich deep waters mix with surface waters causing "turnover" |
| When does turnover of nutrients occur? how can you tell this happens? | Turnover occurs in the spring and Fall, No distinct thermocline visible, Water becomes murky |
| In the spring, there is increasing temperature and sunlight with high nutrient availability hence the peak in....? | Productivity |
| NPP stands for ? | Net primary productivity. |
| NPP is what? | is the rate at which plants incorporate atmospheric carbon through photosynthesis. |
| Why are nutrient levels lowest in the summer? | All the plants are alive and growing therefore using up all the nutrients available |
| Why are nutrient levels highest in the winter time? | Plants are decomposing therefore producing, not using nutrients. |
| How are nutrients replenished in the fall? Where do they come from? | They are replenished because the thermocline turns over mixing all the nutrients from the plants that have been decomposing at the bottom of the lake all winter with the surface water. |
| Why is NPP highest in Spring/summer and lowest in the fall/winter? | In the spring, these is an increase in light and temperature, combined with high nutrient availability, therefore is a peak in productivity |
| Why is solar energy and temperature lowest in the winter? | The Earth is tilted and the northern hemisphere is further from the sun shorter days, less heat in the sunlight, sun is lower in the sky. |
| Freshwater: | means anything that's not "moraine" water(from the ocean). |
| Fresh water usually has what % of salt? | 0.005% |
| Moving water(lotic)- | High elevations; cold; high O2; trout; streamlined plants. Example: Steams and Rivers |
| Standing Water(Lentic)- | Lower elevations; warmer; less O2; bass; amphibians; cat-tails, rushes. Example: Lakes and Wetlands |
| Water quality is affected by: | Turbidity, Phosphorous, temperature, Nutrient uptake, sunlight. |
| In lotic environments, conditions in a river change from headwaters to mouth. These factors could be: | Temperature, oxygen, velocity and nutrients. |
| What kinds of adaptations do organisms in river (lotic) environments have? | Streamlined plants, fish that use sight rather than smell and hearing |
| Define Discharge: | Volume of water carried by the river(amount of water passing a fixed point in a given time). |
| Which river has the greatest discharge? | Amazon in Brazil and Peru. |
| A riparian zone is a...... | Vegetated area ( a "buffer strip" ) near a stream which helps shade and partially protect a stream from the impact of adjacent land uses. |
| Streambed Zone: | Fallen limbs, trees, and tree roots; slows water flow, reduces erosion woody debris increases habitat and cover aquatic species. |
| Effects of riparian zones: Water Quality | Intercepting sediment/nutrients from fertilizers, intercepting pesticides and other materials in surface run-off, Bank stabilization and reduce erosion. |
| Effects of riparian zones:Economic benefits | Increase land value, Produce profitable alternative crops- nut crops, increase lease fees for hunting. |
| Effects of riparian zones: Habitat benefits | provide habitat, increase biodiversity, organic food source for aquatic organisms Example : Leaves and Terrestrial insects, Buffers acting as Wildlife corridors, shading water, Large woody debris falls into the streams. |
| When you remove riparian vegetation what are the impacts? | run off goes directly into the lake without being filtered by vegetation. No ground stability(roots,plants ect) = lots of erosion. Decreases habitat/wildlife corridors. |
| Oligotrophic: | Infertile soil with limited phosphorus and nitrogen availability, low productivity, low decomposition, clear water, high oxygen content. |
| Eutrophic: | Abundant nutrient run-off from surrounding areas, high productivity, high decomposition, murky waters due to high algae levels and low oxygen content( due to scum on surface) |
| (Wetlands) Mires ( bogs and fens): | may or may not have trees; waterlogged soil with lots of peat; low productivity |
| (Wetlands) Swamps: | Have trees like bald cypress; high productivity, canopy cover. |
| (Wetlands) Marsh: | No trees; tall grasses; high productivity. |
| Importance of Wetlands are: | Highly productive, serves as nesting, breeding ground for birds, gives H20 time to percolate through soil & replenish underground aquifers, clearer & nutrient rich, trap & filters water, neutralize & detoxify pollutants, get lots of sunlight. |
| Eutrophication: | Artificial succession ( not natural) involving fertilizer run-off can affect lentic aquatic ecosystem. |
| Case Study of the Kawartha lakes:part 1 | developed in river courses along edge of Canadian shield(ice sheet) and St. Lawrence lowlands. Basins enlarged by ice sheet(sedimentary rock). oriented North east(glaciation). Geology affects form shoreline & lake depth. |
| Case Study of the Kawartha lakes:part 2 | Source area run-off (geology,, human activity/ population density) influences water chemistry, water quality and ecology in the watershed. |
| Since the current Kawartha Lakes sit in the St. Lawrence lowlands, what can you conclude about the water ph? | They will be slightly alkaline because of the minerals within it. |
| What classification of Lake (Oilgotrophic or Eutrophic) are the Kawartha lakes? | It is Eutrophic |
| What are some of the fish species that are currently present in the Kawartha Lakes? | Whitefish, lake trout, perch, bass and pike. |
| regarding invasive species management(Kawartha Lakes) Fish: | Northern snake-head, Eurasian, round goby, etc. |
| regarding invasive species management(Kawartha Lakes) Aquatic Plants: | Eurasian water - milfoil, European frog- bit, fanwort, etc. |
| regarding invasive species management(Kawartha Lakes) Aquatic Invertebrates: | Spiny water flea,Eurasian clam, rusty crayfish,zebra and quagga mussels, etc. |
| What is one solution to controlling the spread of invasive Eurasion Milfoil? | Introduce a insect native to Europe, the Milfoil, which only eats Eurasian Milfoil ( the plant) |
| Lake Baikal is the world's: | Oldest lake ( 25- 30 million years old) and is also the world's deepest lake ( 1700m deep). |
| Lake Baikal contains: | 20% of the world's freshwater. Of the 1200 animals species and 1000 plant species 80% are endemic(active or restricted to a certain country or area.) |
| What is found only in Baikal: | True freshwater seal species. |
| What is the nutrient primary responsible for algal blooms? | Phosphorous ( and Nitrogen) |
| If you have a body of water in the topics which stays roughly the same temperature all year--how does the body of water mix-nutrients and oxygen if there is no seasonal change? | There are still seasonal changes ( rainy season vs dry season). So the precipitation will mix up the waters even if there still is temperature stratification. there is also a greater diversity of plants and animals are more adapted |
| Oil spills are harmful regardless of magnitude but why do you think that an oil spill would have greater impact on smaller body of water. What is the oil disrupting in this aquatic ecosystem? | If oil covers the entire body, the oil will create an impermeable layer which will prevent gas exchange killing all photosynthesising plants. This will then caouse decopostion which will increase oxygen demand & remove oxygen from the water killing animal |
Created by:
mcurrah