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AP Chemistry
Hardest class just became a little easier!!!
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the Atomic Mass signify? | protons + neutrons |
| The Atomic Number signifies what? | The number of protons |
| Why does the Atomic Mass have decimals? | The effect of isotopes causes a different number of neutrons. |
| Hydrogen with 1 neutron is called? | Protium |
| Hydrogen with 2 neutrons is called? | Deutrium |
| Hydrogen with 3 neutrons is called? | Tritium |
| When using the Atomic Mass, what place is it rounded to? | The whole number |
| Term: Quantum Mechanical Model | Probability of where the electrons are located |
| What do the columns on the Periodic Table signify? | The family |
| What do the rows on the Periodic Table signify? | The energy level |
| Why are atoms spheres? | They are in constant motion |
| Why are atoms in constant motion? | The protons and neutrons repel each other |
| Term: Atomic Radius | The distance between the nucleus and the valence electrons |
| How do you find the relative radius of an atom? | First you shoot radiation at the atom and measure the distance between the atom, then divide by two to get the radius |
| How does the Atomic Radius change from left to right on the Periodic Table? Why? | It decreases because the effective nuclear charge creates a stronger pull because the greater amount of protons make the positive charge bigger |
| How does the Atomic Radius change from top to bottom on the Periodic Table? Why? | It increases because the more core electrons creates a larger shielding effect, mean |
| Term: Ionization Energy | The amount of energy it takes to knock off valence electrons |
| What type of ion loses an electron? What charge does it have? What type of element usually becomes this type of ion? | Metals usually become cations with a positive charge |
| How does the Ionization Energy change from left to right on the Periodic Table? Why? | It increases because it needs more energy to knock off an electron because the effective nuclear charge is stronger |
| How does the Ionization Energy change from top to bottom on the Periodic Table? Why? | It decreases because in needs less energy to knock off an electron because the shielding effect causes a lower effective nuclear charge |
| What type of ion gains an electron? What charge does it have? What type of element usually becomes this type of ion? | Non-metals usually become anions with a negative charge |
| Term: Electro-negativity | the attraction to gain an electron |
| How are ionization energy and electro-negativity related | They are directly related because the more attraction it has to gain an electron, means it will take more energy to knock an electron off |
| How does the Electro-negativity change from left to right on the Periodic Table? Why? | It increases because the atomic radius smaller due to effective nuclear charge, making the attraction bigger because the nucleus is closer to the electrons |
| How does the Electro-negativity change from top to bottom on the Periodic Table? Why? | It decreases because the extra core electrons, that cause the shielding effect, make the nucleus farther away from the nucleus causing less attraction |
| Term: Electron Affinity | the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion |
| Does increasing force to knock off an electron cause an increase or decrease in the heat given off? | It creates more heat |
| What type of reaction loses or releases more heat? | Exothermic |
| How does the Electron Affinity change from left to right on the Periodic Table? Why? | It increases because the electro-negativity increases, and as more electrons are added it makes it harder to gain even more, resulting in more force to gain additional electrons |
| What type of reaction absorbs more heat? | Endothermic |
| What does delta H mean? | Change in enthalpy |
| Which type of reaction is more stable? | exothermic |
| Is a negative change in enthalpy more or less stable? | More stable |
| Is a positive change in enthalpy more or less stable? | Less stable |
| How does the Electron Affinity change from top to bottom on the Periodic Table? Why? | It decrease because as the electronegativity decreases, so does the force to gain additional electrons |
| Term: Metallic Character | How easily a metal loses electrons, as well as the reactivity of a metal |
| How does the Metallic Character change from left to right on the Periodic Table? Why? | It decreases because as the effective nuclear charge increases, it makes it harder to lose an electron because the pull is stronger |
| How does the Metallic Character change from top to bottom on the Periodic Table? Why? | It increases because as the electrons get further from the nucleus due to the shielding effect, making it easier to loose an electron |
| Term: Aufbau Principle | Electrons fill in the lowest energy level possible by increasing energy state |
| What is the order of the Aufbau Priciple? | 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 |
| How many orbitals and electrons are there in an s sublevel? | 1 orbital and 2 electrons |
| How many orbitals and electrons are there in a p sublevel? | 3 orbitals and 6 electrons |
| How many orbitals and electrons are there in a d sublevel? | 5 orbitals with 10 electrons |
| How many orbitals and electrons are there in an f sublevel? | 7 orbitals with 14 electrons |
| What is the speed of light? | c = 3.00 x 10^8 m/s |
| What is given off when electrons jump energy levels? | Electro-magnetic radiation |
| Is Electro-magnetic radiation endothermic or exothermic? | endothermic |
| What does lambda represent? | Wavelength |
| Term: Hertz (Hz) | measurement of frequency |
| Term: Frequency | how often waves hit object (measured in time) |
| What does c represent? | The speed of light |
| what does f represent? | frequency |
| What are the three equations that can be made using only c, f, and lambda | w is going to = lambda c = wf w = c/f f = c/w |
| Term: Spectroscopy | the study of how much light of a wavelength is absorbed or emitted from an element |
| What is Planck's Constant? | E = hf E = hc/lambda |
| What are the 3 modes of molecules | 1. Translational 2. Rotational 3. Vibrational |
| Term: Translational movement of a molecule | Molecule moves from one position in space to another (creates heat) |
| Term: Rotational movement of a molecule | rotates molecule |
| Term: Vibrational movement of a molecule | vibrates, bends, and stretches or flexes the molecular bonds as well as the magnetic fields |
| What type of wave can be used to find out how many electrons there are? | ultra violet (UV) |
| What does infrared light do to bonds? | break them |
| Term: benzene ring | 6 carbons connected in a cyclic structure |
| Term: Coulomb's Law | force between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges (opposite or alike) and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them |
| What is the equation for Coulomb's Law? | Fc = (q1 x q2) / d2 |
| How are force, distance, and charge related | Inverse: force & distance Direct: force & charge |
| What is the dilution formula? | Molaritry1 x Volume1 = Molarity2 x Volume2 |
| What is the Beer's Law formula? | A = Elc A = absorption E = Molar Absorptivity Constant l = path length (cuvette = 1 cm) c = Concentration |
| Solve E = A/lc for a generic answer | E = A/lc = (1 /cm x(M/L))= (L/M)cm |
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