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bio chapter 5
book stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is used to build polymers | dehydration synthesis where water leaves the reaction and becomes a product |
| what are the four macromolecules? | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid |
| how does a polymer get broken? | hydrolysis reaction water breaking using water in breaking of a bond |
| what are the monomers of nucleic acid | nucleotides which are a phosphate, sugar, nitrogen containing |
| How are monomers joined in nucleic acid | adjacent phosphodiester linkage |
| what is the function of nucleic acid? | it enables living organisms to reproduce and pass their genes controls protein synthesis and passes through RNA |
| what are carbohydrates monomer? | monosaccharides (carbon hydrogen and oxygen) |
| how are monomers of carbs joined | disaccharides such as sucrose with hydroxyl functional group isomers allowing different structures where oxygen bond and 6th carbon goes above ring shape |
| what do glucoses do to combine? | use dehydration synthesis making glucosidic link between 1 and 4 carbons |
| what are the four main classes of large biological molecules? Which class does not consist of polymers? | protein, carb, lipid, nucleic acid and lipids are not polymers |
| how many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is ten monomers long | 9 with one water molecule required to hydrolyze each connected pair of monomers* |
| suppose you eat a serving of fish. What reactions must occur for the amino acid monomers in the protein of the fish to be converted to new proteins in your body | the amino acids in the fish protein must be released in hydrolysis reactions and incorporated into other proteins in dehydration reactions |
| write the formula for a monosaccharide that has three carbons | C3H6O3 |
| a dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules to form maltose. The formula for glucose is C6H12O6 what is the formula for maltose | C12H22O11* |
| after a cow is given antibiotics to treat an infection, a vet gives the animal a drink of " gut culture" containing various prokaryoutes. Why is this necessary | the antibiotic likely killed cellulose digesting prokaryotes in stomach. The absence of these prokaryotes hamper cow's ability to obtain energy from food leading to weight loss. Prokaryotic species are reintroduced, in appropriate combo, in gut culture |
| write a pentoses equation as well as a hexoses | c5H10O5, C6H12O6 |
| compare the structure of fat with that of a phospholipid | both have a glycerol molecule attatched to fatty acids. The glycerol of a fat has three fatty acids attached, whreas the glycerol of a phospholipid is attatched to two fatty acids and one phosphate group |
| why are human sex hormones considered lipids | they are steroids, a type of hydrophobic compound |
| suppose a membrane surrounded an oil droplet, as it does in the cells of plant seeds. Describe and explain the form it might take | membrane could consist of a single layer of phospholipids rather than a bilayer, arrangement where hydrophobic tails of membrane phospholipids were in contact with the hydrocarbon region of oil molecules would be more stable |
| why does a denatured protein no longer function properly? | the function of a protein is a consequence of its shape which is lost when denatured |
| what parts of a polypeptide participate in the bonds that hold together secondary structure? Tertiary Structure? | secondary structures involves hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone and tertiary structure involves interaction between atoms of the side chains of the amino acid subunit |
| where would you expect a polypeptide region that is rich in the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine to be located in the folded polypeptide? | all nonpolar amino acids, so you would expect this region to be located in the interior of the folded polypeptide, where it would not contact the aqueous environment inside the cell |
| what is the fundamental basis for the differences between carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid | they have different monomers of monosaccharaides, amino acids, nucleotides, |
| compare the composition, structure, and function of starch and cellulose. What role do they play in the human body | they are both polymers of glucose, alpha configuration in starch while beta in cellulose. Different properties from shape. Starch stores energy cellulose is structure. humans can hydrolyze starch but not cellulose for energy instead it helps food pass |
| why are lipids not considered macromolecules or polymers? | they do not exist as a chain of linked monomers. They do not reach the giant size of the other macros |
| proteins are the most structurally and functionally diverse of biological molecules. Explain the basis for this diversity | polypeptides consist of many amino acids in sequence for coil which fold into irregular contortions and may noncovalently associate with other polypep. The diverse shape of side chains leads to diverse function |
| what role does the complementary base pairing play in the functions of nucleic acid | pairing of two strands of DNA makes possible the precise replication of DNA every time a cell divides, ensuring that gentic info is faithfully transmitted. RNA allows complementary base pairing enabling rna assume specific three d shapes for function |
| the enzyme amylase can break down glycosidic linkage between glucose monomers only if the monomers are in alpha form. what could it break down? | glycogen starch and amylopectin |
| what is true of unsaturated fats | double bonds in carbon chains |
| what structural level of a protein is least affected by hydrogen bond disruption | primary |
| enzymes that break down DNA catalyze hydrolysis of covalent bonds that join nucleotides. What would happen to dna molecules treated with these | the phosphodiester linkages of the polynucleotide backbone would be broken |
| what would be molecular formula of linking ten glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions | C60H102O51 |
| name a pair of base sequences that could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA | 5'AtGc-3' with 5'GCAT-3' |
| give an example of hydrolysis working in the human body | digestion with various enzymes attacking the polymers to speed up hydrolysis and break the polymer into monomers |
| what allows for polymers to be so diverse | different arrangement |
| what is the most common monosacharide | glucose |
| what is the difference between an aldoses and a ketoses | aldoses has carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton while ketoses has a carbonyl group within the carbon skeleton |
| in what type of solution do five or six carbon sugars like glucose form rings? | aqueos |
| why do plants have starch | it allows for storage of excess glucose to be drawn from later with hydrolysis |
| what type of formation are the glucose in starch formed as? Cellulose | alpha, beta |
| differ between alpha and beta | in alpha, the ohs are next to eachother while in beta a hydrogen is in between |
| lipids are similar because? | most are nonpolar and hydrophobic because they are mostly made of hydrocarbons |
| name the parts of the carbon skeleton making up fatty acids | carbon at one end is the carboxyl group and the functional group that gives it the name acid |
| what joins three fatty acid molecules to glycerol to make a fat | an ester linkage which is a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group |
| in regards to saturated and unsaturated fats, which are solid at room temperature | saturated are solid at room temperature because they do not have double bonds allowing for tighter packing together |
| why are omega three fats called omega three? | double bond on the third carbon carbon bond |
| what is the importance of phospholipids | phospholipids are essential for making up cell membranes and have value in their reaction with water because it has a hydrophobic along with a hydrophilic phosphate group |
| how does a phospholipid shield their hydrophobic portion from water | they self assemble in water into double layered structures "bilayers" as a shield. The hydrophilic region takes the outside as a boundary while hydrophobic is safe inside |
| how are steroids distinguished? | by their particular chemical groups attached to the rings |
| what is the funcition of an enzymatic protein? | selective acceleration of chemical reactions like enzymes |
| defensive protein? | protects against disease like antibodies |
| storage protein | stores amino acids like casein |
| transport proteins | transport substances such as hemoglobin which contains iron and transports oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body |
| hormonal proteins | coordination of an organism's activities such as insulin which causes uptake of glucose |
| receptor proteins | respond to chemical stimuli like receptors in nerve cells signaling molecules released by other nerve cells |
| contractile/ motor proteins | movement like cilia with actin and myosin in contraction of a muscle |
| structural proteins | support like keratin the protein of hair |
| what is at the center of an amino acid | an asymmetric carbon called alpha carbon which partners with amino group, carboxy, hydrogen, and variable group R as the side chain |
| give an example of a nonpolar and a polar amino acid | Leucine as nonpolar and glutamine as polar |
| if a side chain has a charge, what will this imply for it's attraction to water | hydrophillic |
| how do amino acids bond? | when two amino acids are positioned so that a carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of they other, the join with a dehydration reaction making a polypeptide backbone |
| why is a protein not just a polypeptide chain? | it is multiple polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a molecule of unique shape and the sequence determines the what 3d structure |
| give examples of conditions that can change a proteins function | ph salt concentration, temperature, other aspects of environment change, weak bonds are destroyed causing unraveling |
| how do chaperonins help protein molecules | they keep them away from bad influences that could potentially change the shape |
| explain the primary structure? | a linked series of amino acids with unique sequence that differentiate by inherited genetic info |
| secondary | coils and folds are the secondary structure that results from the hydrogen bonds of the polypeptide backbone |
| tertiary structure | the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids. |
| explain hydrophobic reaction | nonpolar amino acids cluster in the center of the protein away from water which allows for hydrogen bonds of the polar side chains to be made to solidify the tertiary structure |
| what is the quarternary structure | overall protein structure |
| what determines the polypeptide formation of the primary structure | genes from the DNA |
| how does DNA affect protein synthesis | directs rna synthesis which controls protein synthesis |
| what directs the folds of protein | DNA directs MRNA which interacts with protein |
| what three parts make up a nucleotide? | nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar, and one or more phosphate groups |
| what is the part of a nucleotide without any phosphate group? | nucleoside |
| what are the two families of nucleotides and their differences | pyrimidine(c,t,u) and purines(AG): AGC=DNA and rna while T= only dna and U= only RNA |
| how are polynucleotides formed? | adjacent nucleotides are joined by a phosphodiester linkage which consists of a phosphate group that links the sugars of two nucleotides which results in a backbone |
| what pairs with what in base pairs | a with t, g with c |
| cholesterol versus steroids | steroid is the specific molecule while cholesterol is big ringed hydrophobic molecule that steroids are built from |
| compare and contrast dna and rna | both involved in directing protein synthesis both polymers built from nucleotides they differ in that dna is double stranded subdivided in chromosomes in nucleus with all instructions can can code all proteins |
| more | rna is single stranded sent out of the nucleus to ribosomes and shorter because only code a single type of protein rna has uracil adenine cytosine guanine while dna has thymine adenine guanine cytosine |
| explain how the backbone affects the nitrogenous bases | the bases are in the middle so the backbone protects |
| purines versus pyrimidines | purines are larger a g while pyrim are t c |
| why is gene passing easy? | hydrogen bonds in the middle for easy separation to allow for passing on genes |
Created by:
kward66666