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Composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra; common in late baroque music
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What instruments are commonly used in a concerto grosso?
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Music Test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Composition for several instrumental soloists and small orchestra; common in late baroque music | Concerto grosso |
| What instruments are commonly used in a concerto grosso? | Strings, woodwind, brass, percussion (timpani) |
| In Italian, "all"; the full orchestra, or a large group of musicians contrasted with a smaller group; often heard in baroque music | Tutti |
| In Italian, "refrain"; a repeated section of music usually played by the full orchestra, or tutti, in baroque compositions | Ritornello |
| Compositional form usually employed in the baroque concerto grosso, in which the tutti plays a ritornello, or refrain, alternating with one or more soloists playing new material | Ritornello form |
| A concerto grosso usually has ____ movements. | 3 |
| The tempos of the movements of a concerto grosso are usually _____, _____, _______. | Fast, slow, fast |
| The large group of players in a concerto grosso is known as the…. | Tutti |
| The first and last movements of the concerto grosso are often in __________ form. | Ritornello |
| The solo instruments in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 are the _______, _______, and _________. | Flute, violin, harpsichord |
| Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 presents a continuous sense of movement. Which musical elements contribute to this feeling of motion? | It uses a ritornello - an almost continuous flow of rapid notes. It also uses repetition, which allows it to flow and move continuously. |
| Compare the role of the harpsichord in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 to that of a harpsichord performing the typical role of basso continuo in a baroque piece. | It's the only instrument that plays during the long final solo section. This was the first time it had ever been given a solo in a concerto grosso. |
| How do the tutti sections contrast with the solo section in Bach's Brandenburg Concerto No. 5? | Solo sections are more polyphonic and stress imitation between the flute and violin. The soloists play new material of their own or varied fragments from the ritornello. The solo sections build tension and make the listener anticipate the tutti's return. |
| Organization of musical ideas in time | Form |
| Form that can be represented as statement (A) and counter statement (B) | Binary form |
| Form that can be represented as statement (A), contrast (B), return of statement (A) | Three-part/ternary form |
| Retaining some features of a musical idea while changing others | Variation |
| Name three ways in which three-part/ternary form can be represented. | ABA, ABA', A(aba)B(cdc)A(aba) |
| Why is repetition used widely in music? | It creates a sense of unity and it appeals to the pleasure we get in recognizing and remembering something. |
| A piece of music that is complete in itself but also part of a larger whole | Movement |
| True or false: Movements of music are often performed continuously, with no pause between movements. | False. There is a pause between each movement. |
| True or false: Each movement of a piece of music has its own mood that contrasts with the other movements in the piece. | True |
| The Baroque period began with the rise of a genre of music called _______ in the year ______. | Opera; 1600 |
| A drama sung to orchestral accompaniment; a play with the speaking parts sung | Opera |
| The Baroque era ended with the death of _______ in ______. | Bach; 1750 |
| Who were the two giants of the Baroque era? | George Frideric Handel; Johann Sebastian Bach |
| Besides Handel and Bach, name four important Baroque composers. | Claudio Monteverdi, Henry Purcell, Arcangelo Corelli, Antonio Vivaldi |
| A Baroque piece usually expresses how many basic moods? | One |
| Baroque rhythms are often __________ throughout. | Continuous |
| Baroque melodies are often ____________ throughout. | Continuous |
| Successive repetition of a musical idea at a higher or lower pitch | Sequence |
| Sudden, abrupt changes between loud and soft volume; common in Baroque music | Terraced dynamics |
| The texture of late Baroque music is mostly…. | Polyphonic |
| A melodic idea heard in one voice appears successively in the other voice | Imitation |
| Usually in Baroque music the two most important melodic voices are the ____ and ______. | Bass, soprano |
| True or false: Although polyphonic texture is most common in baroque music, homophonic is also used. It often includes the polarization of the soprano and bass voices. | True |
| Several notes sounding simultaneously, called _______, became more important during the baroque period. | Chords |
| Baroque accompaniment consisting of a bass line and improvised chords that were indicated by numbers above the bass line | Basso continuo |
| What four instruments usually played the bass line of a basso continuo? | Organ, harpsichord, cello, bassoon |
| _______ instruments, such as the ______ and ______ generally played the chords in a basso continuo. | Keyboard; organ, harpsichord |
| True or false: Word painting did not continue in the baroque period. | False. It did. |
| Give two ways that Baroque composers emphasized specific words. | Very high or very low tones may be used on a word, or many rapid tones may be used for a single syllable of text. |
| The Baroque orchestra was based on the ______ family. | Violin |
| True or false: By modern standards, the Baroque orchestra was quite small. | True |
| What was the nucleus or core of the Baroque orchestra? | The basso continuo (harpsichord plus cello/double bass/bassoon) and upper strings (first and second violins/violas) |
| True or false: Besides the basso continuo and upper strings, use of other instruments in the baroque period was variable. | True |
| True or false: Baroque composers often rearranged music for different instruments. | True |
| Ordered flow of music through time; the pattern of durations of notes and silences in music | Rhythm |
| Regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time | Beat |
| Organization of beats into regular groups | Meter |
| Rhythmic group set off by bar lines, containing a fixed number of beats | Measure |
| Emphasis of a note, which may result from its being louder, longer, or higher in pitch than the notes near it | Accent |
| Accenting of a note at an unexpected time, as between two beats or on a weak beat; major characteristic of jazz | Syncopation |
| Basic pace of the music | Tempo |
| Word for slow tempo | Adagio |
| Word for tempo that is moderately slow/walking pace | Andante |
| Word for moderate tempo | Moderato |
| Word for fast tempo | Allegro |
| Word for tempo that is becoming faster | Accelerando |
| Word for tempo that is becoming slower | Ritardando |
| Apparatus that produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired constant speed | Metronome |
| The first and strongest beat in a measure | Downbeat |
| Series of single tones that add up to a reasonable whole | Melody |
| Intervals between two adjacent tones in the scale | Steps |
| Intervals larger than that between two adjacent tones in the scale | Leaps |
| Smooth, connected manner of performing a melody | Legato |
| Short, detached manner of performing a melody | Staccato |
| Part of a melody | Phrase |
| Resting place at the end of a phrase in a melody; progression giving a sense of conclusion, often from the dominant chord to the tonic chord | Cadence |
| Melody that serves as the starting point that evolves throughout an extended piece of music | Theme |
| In a melody, the immediate repetition of a melodic pattern on a higher or lower pitch | Sequence |
| High point emotionally of a melody | Climax |
| How chords are constructed and how they follow each other | Harmony |
| Combination of three or more tones sounded at once | Chord |
| Tone combination that is stable and restful | Consonance |
| Tone combination that is unstable and tense | Dissonance |
| Most basic of chords, consisting of three alternate tones of the scale, such as do/mi/sol | Triad |
| Sounding of the individual tones of a chord in sequence rather than simultaneously | Arpeggio/broken chord |
| What is the difference between a chord and a melody? | A chord is a group of simultaneous tones and a melody is a series of individual tones heard one after another. |
| Movement away from dissonance toward consonance | Resolution |
| A triad built on the first note of a scale is called a... | Tonic chord |
| A triad built on the fifth note of a scale is called a... | Dominant chord |
| Vibrations that are transmitted, usually through air, to the eardrum and which sends impulses to the brain | Sound |
| Relative highness or lowness of a sound | Pitch |
| Sound that has a definite pitch, or frequency | Tone |
| Quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument/voice from another | Tone color/timbre |
| Degrees of loudness/softness in music | Dynamics |
| "Distance" in pitch between any two tones | Interval |
| Interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone | Octave |
| Organization of sounds in time | Music |
| What are the four main properties of musical sounds? | Pitch, dynamics, tone color, duration |
| Pitch is determined by... | Frequency of vibration |
| If the frequency of vibration is fast, a sound will have a _____ pitch. If it's slow, the sound will have a _____ pitch. | High; low |
| Western music divides the octave into ____ tones. | 12 |
| Most western music is based on a scale of ___ tones. | 8 |
| The distance between a voice or instrument's highest and lowest possible pitch | Pitch range |
| Word for very soft dynamics | Pianissimo (pp) |
| Word for loud dynamics | Forte (f) |
| Word for soft dynamics | Piano (p) |
| Word for moderately loud dynamics | Mezzo forte (mf) |
| Word for moderately soft dynamics | Mezzo piano (mp) |
| Word for very loud dynamics | Fortissimo (ff) |
| Word for dynamics that are becoming gradually louder | Crescendo |
| Word for dynamics that are becoming gradually softer | Decrescendo |
| Female voice of high range | Soprano |
| Female voice of low range | Alto |
| Male voice of high range | Tenor |
| Male voice of low range | Bass |
| Instrument whose sound is produced by the vibration of strings | Strings |
| Instrument whose sound is produced by vibrations of air in a tube; holes along the length of the tube are opened/closed by fingers/pads to control pitch | Woodwinds |
| Instrument made of brass/silver, whose sound is produced by vibrations of a player's lips as they blow into a cup/funnel-shaped mouthpiece; vibrations are amplified and colored in a tube that is flared at the end | Brass |
| Instrument of definite or indefinite pitch whose sound is produced by striking by hand or with a stick/hammer, or by shaking/rubbing it | Percussion |
| Instrument - such as the piano, organ, or harpsichord - played by pressing a series of keys with the fingers | Keyboard |
| Contains multiple instruments including string, woodwind, brass, and percussion; led by conductor | Orchestra |
| Small fluctuations of pitch that make the tone warmer, produced in string instruments by rocking the left hand while it presses the string down | Vibrato |
| Means of playing a string instrument by which the strings are plucked, usually with a finger of the right hand | Pizzicato |
| Rapid slide up or down a scale | Glissando |
| Name the six broad categories of western instruments. | String, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, electronic |
| Name the four orchestral string instruments. | Violin, viola, cello, double bass |
| List three single reed instruments. | Clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone |
| Air is directed against the edge of the mouth hole in the _____ family. | Flute |
| List four double reed instruments. | Oboe, English horn, bassoon, contrabassoon |
| A single reed instrument common in jazz music is the... | Saxophone |
| Name four orchestral brass instruments. | Trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba |
| Instruments of ____ pitch produce tones, while instruments of ______ pitch produce noise-like sounds. | Definite; indefinite |
| Name five percussion instruments of definite pitch. | Timpani, glockenspiel, xylophone, celesta, chimes |
| Name six percussion instruments of indefinite pitch. | Snare drum, bass drum, tambourine, triangle, cymbals, gong |
| Characteristic way of using the elements of music for a distinctive sound | Style |
| Western music can be divided into seven periods. Name and give the dates for each one. | Middle Ages (450-1450); Renaissance (1450-1600); Baroque (1600-1750); Classical (1750-1820); Romantic (1820-1900); 20th Century to 1945; 1945 to present |
| Musical representation of specific poetic images - for example, a falling melodic line to accompany the word "descending" - often found in Renaissance and Baroque music | Word painting |
| Choral music without instrumental accompaniment | A capella |
| Composition for several voices set to a short secular poem, usually about love, combining homophonic and polyphonic textures and often using word painting; common in Renaissance music | Madrigal |
| The texture of Renaissance music is chiefly... | Polyphonic |
| Why are Renaissance melodies usually easy to sing? | They move along a scale with few large leaps. |
| Many prominent Renaissance composers, who held important posts all over Europe, came from an area known at that time as... | Flanders |
| Humanism influenced vocal music in the Renaissance, creating a close relationship between... | Words and music |
| Josquin Desprez of the Renaissance era was a contemporary of... | Leonardo da Vinci and Christopher Columbus |
| Josquin Desprez, a popular Renaissance composer, was born in what is today part of _______ and spent much of his life working in _____. | Belgium; Italy |
| Josquin Desprez (Renaissance composer) wrote many styles of music. What were they? | Masses, motets, secular voice pieces |
| Josquin Desprez's Ave Maria was written for ____ voices. | Four |
| The opening of Josquin Desprez's Ave Maria uses the technique of…. | Polyphonic imitation |
| The opening melody of Ave Maria is presented first by the ______ voice and then imitated in turn by the ______, _______, and ______ in that order. | Soprano; alto, tenor, bass |
| The use of ___________________________ creates a feeling of continuous flow in Ave Maria. | Overlapping imitative phrases |
| Musically, every educated person during the Renaissance was expected to... | Play an instrument and read notation |
| The Renaissance madrigal originated in _______ and as later taken up in ________. | Italy; England |
| The Triumphes of Oriana (1601) was an anthology of English madrigals written to honor…. | Queen Elizabeth I |
| Thomas Weelkes' As Vesta Was Descending is notable for its... | Use of word painting |
| As Vesta Was Descending, a Renaissance piece, was written for _____ voices. | Six |
| What are the three defining characteristics of the Middle Ages? | Period of wars and mass migration; strong class distinctions; chants only genre to survive this period |
| What were the three main class distinctions during the Middle Ages? | Nobility, peasantry, clergy |
| Who wrote the music used in churches during the Middle Ages? | The clergy. Very few specific composers are known because most work was anonymous. |
| True or false: Middle Age choruses were often mixed between male and female voices. | False. They were either all male or all female. |
| Notated music during the Middle Ages was primarily _____ and _____. | Vocal; sacred |
| True or false: Instruments played a large role in Middle Ages music. | False. They had a very small role, if any at all. |
| _____________ were the official music of the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. | Gregorian Chants |
| Give three defining characteristics of Gregorian Chants. | Monophonic melody set to Latin text; flexible rhythm without meter and beat; many notes per syllable of text |
| Who was one of the only known composers of the Middle Ages? | Hildegard of Bingen |
| Texture that is a single, unaccompanied melody | Monophonic |
| Texture that is two or more equally important melodies sounding at the same time | Polyphonic |
| Using note against note in a way that sounds good; important in polyphonic texture | Counterpoint |
| Texture that is one melody with chordal accompaniment | Homophonic |
| True or false: Church choirs grew in size in the Renaissance but were still all male. | True |
| The rise of the individual patron of music began during the _________ period. This was because of... | Renaissance. Musical center shifted from church to courts; court composers wrote secular and sacred music; women didn't sing in mixed church settings |
| Musicians gained a higher status and pay for their work during the __________ period; composers also became known for their work. | Renaissance |
| Many famous Renaissance composers were of what nationality? | Franco-Flemish |
| ________ became the music capital during the 16th century, although there were other musical centers in the Renaissance including…. | Italy; Germany, England, Spain |
| What are the six main characteristics of Renaissance music? | Vocal music still more important than instrumental, but instrumental gained speed; word painting; polyphonic texture; primarily vocal (a cappella) music and instruments doubled vocal parts if used; rhythm flows/overlaps; smooth, stepwise melodies |
| What were the two main forms of sacred music during the Renaissance? | Motet, mass |
| Short polyphonic sacred choral work popular during the Renaissance; Latin text usually overlaid with vernacular text; often borrows lowest voice part from a chant | Motet |
| Music used in Renaissance during Catholic worship service; long work that includes the five main parts of the service | Mass |
| What are the four main types of meter? | Duple (2 beats/measure), triple (3), quadruple (4), other |
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elonjustice