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HESI A2 Biology

QuestionAnswer
Biology is the study of.. Life
What is the heirarchic system of organization? Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
What is the most inclusive heirarchic system? Kingdom
Who introduced the idea of evolution? When? Charles Darwin, 1859
Charles Darwin proposed that current species arose from a process called what? "decent with modification"
What steps need to be done for an experiment to be performed? Creat a hypothesis, do the experiment, create a conclusion
The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of that molecule by 1* celcius. Specific heat
The ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance Cohesion
The ability of water to bond or to attract other molecules or substances Adhesion
when water freezes what causes the molecules to spread apart, resulting in the phenomenom of floating? Lattice
What are the most important molecules? Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Generally long chains or polymers of sugar. The most important of these are storage, structure, and energy. Carbohydrates
Better known as fats, but specifically they are fatty acids, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids
These vary greatly but can be simply be placed in two groups: saturated, and unstaturated fats Fatty acids
Consist of two fatty acids or varying length bonded to a phosphate group Phospholipids
The component of the membrane, and many are precursors to significant hormones Steroids
The most significant contributor to cellular function. Polymeres of 20 amino acids. Protein
A particular type of protein that acts to catalyze different reactions or processes, nearly all cellular function is catalyzed by a type of it. Enzymes
Components of the molecule of inheritance Nucleic Acids
Molecule specific to a particular orgamism and containing the code that is necessary for replication DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
used in the transfer and a messenger in most species of the genetic code RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism Metablolism
In a cell, reaction take place in a series of steps called what, these progress' from a standpoint of high energy to low energy? Metabolic pathways
What is the fundamental unit of biology? The cell
What are the two types of cells Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic
cells consist of many components most of which are called what? Organelles
cell that lacks a deined nucleus and do not contain membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic cell
Cel that has a membrane-enclosed nucleus and a series of membrane -bound organelles that cary out the function of the cell as directed by the nucleus. Eukaryotic cell
organelle that contains the DNA in organized masses, which are called what? Nucleus; chromosomes
contain all the material for the regeneration of the cell, as well as all the instructions for the function of the cell chromosomes
organelle that read the RNA produced in the nucleus and translate the genetic instructions to produce proteins. Ribosomes
Cells with a high rate of protein synthesis generally have a large number of what? Ribosomes
bound ribosomes are found on what organelle? Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Where are free ribisimes found? Cytoplasm
Membranous organelle found attached to the nuclear membrane and consists of two continuous parts. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Section on an organelle that is responsible for protein sythesis and membrane production Rough ER
Organelle that functions as the detoxification and metabolism of multiple molecules. Smooth ER
Organelle inside the cell that finstions as packaging, processing, and shipping- Transports materials from the ER through the cell. Golgi apparatus
intacellular digestion takes place where? In the lysosome
What can lysosomes hydrolyze? Proteins, fats, sugars, and nucleic acids
membrane-enclosed structures that have various functions, depending on cell type. Vacuoles
many cell through a process called what uptake food through the cell membrane, creating a food vacuole. Phagocytosis
plant cell organelle that functions as storage, waste disposal, protection, and hydrolysis. central vacuole
There are two distinct organelles that produce cell energy are what? Mitochondrion and chloroplasts
organelle found in most eukarytotic cells and are the site of cellular respiration. Mitochondria
Organelle found in plants and are the site of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts
Most important somponent of the cell, contributing to protection, communication, and the passage of substances into and out of the cell. cellular membrane
what molecule is used as the currency of the cell? Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Molecule that is used as a precoursor to produce greater amounts of ATP in the final steps of respiration. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH)
The first step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate in a process called what? Glycolysis
Step 2 the pyruvate is transported into a mitochondrion and used in the first of a series of reactions called what? Krebs cycle
Step 3 begins with oxidation of the NADH molecules to produce oxygen and finally to produce water in a series of steps called Electron transport chain
What is the overall ATP production for every glucose molecule consumed? 32-36 ATP molecules
Chemical process that converts light energy to sythesize carbohydrates Photosythesis
What are the two stages of photosythesis? Light reactions and Celvin cycle
Reaction that convert solar energy to chemical energy Light reaction
during photosythesis molecules used in this Process produce sugar. Celvin cycle
What two categories do cell respiration fall into? Sexual and Asexual reproduction
Asexual production that involves bacterial cells Binary fission
When chromosomes bind to the plasma membrane, where it then replicates.. the cell then grows, pinches into two, producing two identicle cells. Binary fission
Binary fission and what are the types of asexual reproduction? Mitosis
Process of cell division that occurs in five stages, before pinching in two in a process called cytokinesis. Mitosis
What are the five stages of mitosis? 1.Prophase 2.Prometaphase 3.metaphase 4.anaphase 5.telophase
Which stage of mitosis are the chromosomes visibally seperate, and each duplicated chromosome has two noticable sister chromatides? Prophase
Which stage of mitosis is the nuclear envelope beginning to dissapear, and the chromosomes begin to attach to the spindle that is forming along the axis? Prometaphase
What stage of mitosis are all the chromosomes aligning along the center of the cell. Metaphase
What stage of mitosis do the chromosomes start to seperate, in this phase the chromatides are considered seperate chromosomes Anaphase
What is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes gather on either side of the now seperated cell? Telophase
The second process associated with cell division i scall what? Cytokinesis
How are sexual reproduction different from asexual reproduction? In sexual reproduction, two cells contribute genetic material to the daughter cell, resulting in significantly greater variation.
What is the process that determines how reproductive cells divide in a sexually reproducing organisms? Meiosis
Meiosis has how many stages, how many daughter cells are created? There are two stages Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, and it created 4 daughter cells.
How many chromosomes do the daughter cells contain from their parents? 50 % or half as many.
Proceeding the events of meiosis what occurs? Interphase
What happens during interphase? the chromosomes are duplicated and the cell prepares for division
What is the in the first stage of meiosis? Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, and telophase1, then followed by sytokenesis.
When do the significant changes in mitosis and meiosis occure? In prophase 1 , the non sister chromatides of homologous chromosomes cross at numerous locations.
After the first cytokenisis occurs what begins? Meiosis 2
What happens in meiosis 2? all four stages are the same as mitosis, the resulting four cells have half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
who discovered the basic principles of genetics? Gregor mendel
For every trait expressed in a sexually reproducing organism, there are how many variations of the gene? At least 2
What are at least two alternative versions of a gene called? Alleles
For simple traits, the versions of those traits can be one of two types called what? Dominate or recessive
If the alleles are the same type, the organism is said to be what? Homozygous for that trait
If the traits are different types, the organism is said to be what? Heterozygous for that trait.
By use of a device called what it is possible to predict genotype and phenotype of the offspring of sexual reproduction. Punnet square
Define genotype The combination of alleles
Define phenotype What traits will be expresses
by studying a pedigree what can you learn? the genetic past and future in accordance to disease of a family.
What in the genetic material of inheritance? DNA
Who described the structure of DNA, and when? Watson and Crick in 1953
Each gene along a strand of DNA is a template for what? Proteins sythesis
Protein synthesis production begins with a process called what? Transcription
The piece of genetic material prduced during Transciptions is what? Messenger RNA (MRNA)
MRNA functions as the messenger from what? Origional DNA helix in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytosol or on the rough ER
Every group of three bases along the stretch of RNA is called a what? Codon
What do codons do? Each of the codons code for a specific amino acid
The anticodon is located on a unit called what? Transfer RNA (TRNA)
What binds to the ribosome when its codon is sliding through the ribosome? TRNA
Created by: knorris11
 

 



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