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Skull and Cranial Bo
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the total number of Cranium Bones | 8 |
| what is the total number of Facial bones | 14 |
| List the four cranial bones that form the floor of the cranium | Right temporal, Left temporal, Sphenoid, Ethmoid |
| List the four cranial bones that form the calvaria (skull cap). | Frontal, right parietal, left parietal occipital |
| The small horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone | Crista galli, cribriform plate, perpendicular plate, Lateral labyrinth (mass)Middle nasal conchae (turbinate) |
| The vertical plate of the ethmoid bone forming the upper portion of the bony nasal septum is the | Cribriform plate |
| List the three aspects of the temporal bone | squamous, Mastoid, Petrous |
| Which aspect of the temporal bone is considered the densest? | Petrous portion |
| Which structure make up the cartilaginous external ear? | Auricle or pinna |
| How long is the average external acoustic meatus (EAM)? | 1 inch ( or 2.5) |
| Which small membrane marks the beginning of the middle ear? | Tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
| What is the collective term for the small bones of the middle ear? | Auditory ossicles |
| Which structure allows for communication between the nasopharynx and middle ear? | Eustachian or auditory tube |
| What is the major function of the structure described in the question above. | To equalize the atmospheric pressure within the middle ear |
| Which structure serves as an opening between the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and the middle ear? | Aditus |
| What is the name of the thin plate of bone that separates the mastoid air cells from the brain? | Tegmen tympani |
| Which one of the auditory ossicles picks up sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane | Malleus |
| Which one of the auditory ossicles is considered to be the smallest? | stapes |
| Which one of the auditory ossicles resembles a premolar tooth? | Incus |
| What is the name of the small membrane that connects the middle to the inner ear? | Oval or vestibular window |
| Which two sensory functions occur within the inner ear? | Hearing and Equilibrium |
| What is the name of the small membrane that will move outward to transmit impulses to the auditory nerve, thus creating the sense of hearing? | Round or cochlear window |
| True/False: The cochlea is a closed system relating to the sense of hearing | true |
| Which of the following bones is not a facial bone? | Middle nasal conchae |
| What is the largest immovable bone of the face | Maxilla |
| List the four processes of the maxilla | Frontal process, Zygomatic process, Alveolar process, Palatine process |
| Which one of the mentioned processes is considered most superior | Frontal process |
| Which soft tissue landmark is found at the base of the anterior nasal spine? | Acanthion |
| Which facial bones from the posterior aspect of the hard palate? | Horizontal portion of the palatine bones |
| Which two cranial bones articulate with the maxilla? | Frontal and ethmoid |
| Which facial bones are sometimes called the "cheek bones"? | Zygomatic or malar bones |
| Which of the following bones does not articulate with the zygomaic bone | Sphenoid |
| Which facial bone is associated with the tear ducts? | Lacrimal bones |
| The purpose of the ____, or ____, is to divide the nasal cavity into compartments and circulate air coming into the nasal cavities (Include both terms for these bones.) | Conchae, tubinates |
| True/False: The majority of the nose is formed by the right and left nasal bones. | False (Most of the nose is made up of cartilage) |
| A deviated nasal septum is most likely to occur at the junction between ____ and ____ | Septal cartilage, vomer (pushed laterally to one side) |
| Vertical portion of mandible | Ramus |
| The chin | mentum |
| mandibular angle | Gonion |
| The point of union between both halves of the mandible | Symphyss menti |
| Bony process located anterior to mandibular notch | Coronoid process |
| Horizontal portion of mandible | Body |
| Posterior process of upper ramus | Condyloid process |
| U-shaped notch | Mandibular notch |
| From anterior to posterior, the cone-shaped orbits project upward at an angle of ___ and toward the midsagittal plane at an angle of __. | 30 degees, 37 degrees |
| Which facial bone opening has the maxillary branch of the fifth cranial nerve passing through it? | |
| Which one of the facial bone openings is formed by a cleft between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone? | Inferior orbital fissure, Superior orbital fissure |
| What is another term for the second cranial nerve? | Optic nerve |
| What is the older term for the maxillary sinuses? | Antrum of Highmore |
| An infection of the teeth may travel upward and involve the | Maxillary |
| Specifically, where are the frontal sinuses located? | Between the inner and outer tables of the skull, posterior to the glabella |
| The frontal sinuses rarely become aerated before the age of ___ | 6 years |
| Which specific aspect of the ethmoid bone contains the ethmoid sinuses? | Lateral masses or labyrinths |
| The drainage pathway for the paranasal sinus is called the | Ostiomeatal complex |
| Which sinus is projected through the one mouth with a P A axial transoral projection | Sphenoid sinus |
| What is the name of the passageway between the maxillary sinuses and the middle nasal meatus? | Infundibulum |
| What classification of the skull is the width less than 75% of the length | Mesocephalic |
| What classification of the skull is the width 80% or more than length | Brachycephyalic |
| What classification of the skull is the width between 75% or 80% of length | Dolichocephalic |
| Central ray angles and degree of rotation stated for basic skull positions are based on the ___(average) skull, which has an approximate angle of ___between the midsagittal plane and the long axis of the petrous bone. | Mesocephalic, 47 |
| The long, narrow-shaped skull has an angle of approximately ____ between the midsagittal plane and the long axis of the petrous bone | + or _ 40 |
| True/False: Two older terms for the orbitomeatal line (OML) are Reid's base line and the anthropologic base line. | False (These are other terms for the infraorbitomeatal line.) |
| There is a _____ difference between the orbitomeatal and infraorbitomeatal lines, and _____ between the orbitomeatal and glabellomeatal lines. | 7 degrees to 8 degrees (same degrees of difference) |
| Lateral junction of the eyelid | Outer canthus |
| Posterior angle of the jaw | Conion |
| A line between the infraorbital margin and EAM | Infraorbitomeatal line (IOML) |
| Corresponds to the highest "nuchal" line of the occipital bone | Inion |
| A line between the glabella and alveolar process of the maxilla | Glabelloalveolar line |
| A line between the mental point and EAM | Mentomeatal line |
| Located at the junction of the two nasal bones and the frontal bone | Nasion |
| The small cartilaginous flap covering the ear opening | Tragus |
| Corresponds to the highest level of the facial bone mass | Supraorbital groove |
| A line between the midlateral orbital margin and the EAM | OML |
| The center point of the EAM | Auricular point |
| A positioning line that is primarily used for the modified Waters projection | Lips-meatal line |
| A line used in positioning to ensure that the skull is in a true lateral position | Inerpupillary line |
| Corresponds to the level of the petrous ridge | TEA |
| A smooth, slightly depressed area between the eyebrows | Glabella |
| List the five most common errors made during skull radiography | Rotation, Tilt, Excessive neck flexion, Excessive neck extension, Incorrect central ray angulation |
| Of the five causes listed in the previous question. Which two are the most common? | Rotation, Tilt |
| Which cranial bone is best demonstrated with an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull? | Occipital |
| When using a 30 degree caudad angle for a AP axial (Towne method) projection of the skull, which positioning line should be perpendicular to the image receptor? | OML |
| A properly positioned AP axial (Towne method) projection shold place the dorsum sellae into the middle aspect of the | Foramen magnum |
| A lack of symmetry of the petrous ridges indicates which of the following problems with a radiograph of a AP axial projection? | Rotation |
| If the patient cannot flex the head adequately for the AP axial (Towne method) projection, the technologist could place the _____ perpendicular to the image receptor and angle the central ray____ caudad | IOML; 37 |
| What evidence on a AP axial (Towne method) radiograph indicates whether the correct central ray angel and correct head flexion were used? | Dorsum sellae and posterior clinoids should be projected into the foramen magnum |
| What central ray angle should be used for the PA axial (Haas method) projection for the cranium? | 25 degrees cephalad |
| Where is the central ray centered for a lateral projection of the skull? | 2 inches (5cm) above the EAM |
| Which specific positioning error is present if the mandibular rami are not superimposed on a lateral skull radiograph? | Rotation |
| Where will the petrous ridges be projected with a 15 degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the cranium? | In the lower 1/3 of the orbits |
| Which specific positioning error is present if the petrous ridges are projected higher in the orbits than expected for a 15 degree PA axial projection? | Excessive flexion or insufficient central ray angle |
| Which projection of the cranium produces an image of the frontal bone with little or no distortion? | 0 degree posteroanterior (PA) |
| With a possible trauma patient, what must be determined before performing SMV projection of the skull? | Rule out any possible cervical fractures or subluxation |
| What positioning error has been committed if the EAMs are not superimposed with one of them more superior than the other on a lateral projection of the cranium? | Tilt or the skull |
| Which skull positioning line is placed parallel to the plane of the IR for the SMV projection? | IOML |
| Which one of the following projections best demonstrates the sella turcica in profile? | lateral |
| Which one of the the following projection best demonstrates the foramen rotundum? | 25 degree to 30 degree PA axial |
| Which one of the following projections best demonstrates the clivus in profile? | lateral |
| Where does the CR exit for a PA axial (Haas method) projection of the skull? | 11/2 inches(4cm) superior to the nasion |
| A radiograph of an AP axial (Towne method) projection of the cranium reveals that the right petrous ridge is wider than the left side. Which specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? | Rotation of skull present; rotation of patient's face toward left |
| A radiograph of a 15 degree PA axial (Caldwell projection of the cranium demonstrates that the petrous ridges are projected at the inferior orbital margin. Which positioning error(s) led to this radiographic outcome? | Excessive extension or excessive caudad central ray angle projects the petrous ridges lower than expected (should be in the lower third of the orbit) |
| A radiograph of a 15 degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection demonstrates that the distance between the right midlateral orbital borders and lateral margin of the skull cortex is greater than the left side. Which positioning error led to the outcome | Rotation of the patient's face (skull) to the left |
| A radiograph of an SMV projection of the skull reveals that the mandibular condyles are within the petrous bone. Which specific positioning error led to this problem? | Insufficient extension of the skull, or centra ray was not perpendicular to IOML |
| A radiograph of a lateral projection of the skull reveals that the orbital plates are not superimposed (one orbital plate is slightly superior to the other.) Which specific positioning error led to this radiographic outcome | Skull tilt |
| A lateral skull radiograph demonstrates on mandibular ramus about 0.5 cm more anterior than the other. Which positioning error occurred? | Skull rotation |
| An AP axial (Towne method) radiograph for cranium demonstrates the dorsum sellae projected above or superior to, the foramen magnum. The foramen magnum is distorted. Which positioning error(s) occurred? | Central ray angled <37 degrees to the IOML, or <30 degrees to the OML |
| True/False: Facial bone studies should always be performed recumbent whenever possible. | False (Best to perform erect) |
| What is the major disadvantage of performing a straight PA projection for facial bones, with no CR angulation or neck extension, as compared with other PA facial bone projections? | Dense petrous pyramids superimpose to orbits, obscuring facial bone structures |
| What is the CR centered for a lateral position for facial bones? | Zygoma |
| What CR angle must be used to project the petrous ridges just below the orbital floor with the PA axial (Caldwell method) projection? | 30 degree |
| Give two reason why projections of the facial bones are performed PA rather than AP when possible. | Reduces OID of facial bones; Reduces exposure to anterior facial bones and neck structures such as thyroid glands |
| What are two positioning differences between the lateral projection of the cranium and the lateral projection for the facial bones? | IR is placed lengthwise for facial bones but crosswise for the cranium |
| The parietoacanthial (Waters)projection for the facial bones has the _____ line perpendicular to the image receptor, hich places the orbitomeatal line (OML) at a ___ angle to the tabletop and image receptor | Mentomeatal: 37 degrees |
| Where does the CR exit for a parietoacanthial (Waters) projection for the facial bones? | Acanthion |
| Where does the CR exit for a 15 degree PA axial (Caldwell) projection for facial bones? | Nasion |
| The modified parietoacanthial (modified Waters) projection requires that the ___ line is perpendicular to the image receptor, which places the OML at a ___ angle to the tabletop and image receptor. | Lips- meatal: 55 degrees |
| True/False: Lateral projection for nasal bones generally are taken bilaterally for comparison | True |
| For a parietoacanthial (PA Waters) projection, the petrous ridges should be projected directly below the ___ and projected into the lower half and maxillary sinuses or below the ___ for a modified Waters projection. | Maxilla sinuses; inferior orbital rims |
| For the superoinferior projection of the nasal bones, the image receptor is place perpendicular to the ___ line | glabelloalveolar (GAL) |
| Which specific facial bone structures (other than the mandible)are best demonstrated with the submentovertex (SMV) projection if the correct exposure factors are used (soft tissue technique)? | Zygomatic arches |
Created by:
dcausey