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BIO 1002 EXAM 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What contribution did Carolus Linneaus make to modern taxonomy? | He introduced the two-part scientific name that designates the genus and species. |
| What was the major proposal in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of the Species? | that all organisms are linked by common ancestry |
| Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. What is phylogeny? | the study of evolutionary biology |
| A scientific name is composed of two parts. What are they? | genus and species |
| What is the definition of DNA sequencing? | the determination of the sequence of nucleotides in segments of DNA |
| What was the purpose of the recently completed Human Genome Project? | to determine the nucleotide sequence in human DNA |
| What is the second of the two names in an organism's scientific name? | species |
| The science of reconstructing an organism's evolutionary history is called systematics. True or False? | False |
| Each class can be split into several kingdoms. True of False? | False |
| Systematics holds that the more similar the DNA of two organisms, the more closely related they are. True or False? | True |
| If two organisms are members of the same phylum, then they MUST also be members of the same: | domain |
| Throughout the history of taxonomy, what characteristic was most commonly used for determining species relationships? | anatomical similarity |
| Who introduced the "two-part" system (genus and species) that biologists use to name organisms? | Linnaeus |
| Modern systematics constructs clades and evolutionary relationships based on: | genetic similarities |
| Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____. | Bacteria and Archaea |
| In the five-kingdom system, prokaryotes are placed in the kingdom _____. | Monera |
| A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. | Eukarya ... Animalia |
| A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____. | Eukarya ... Plantae |
| In the five-kingdom system, which kingdom consists primarily of unicellular eukaryotes? | Protista |
| In the two-kingdom system, why were fungi classified in the kingdom Plantae? | They are sedentary. |
| There is(are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s). | one |
| What contribution did Carl Woese make to our understanding of the evolutionary history of prokaryotic organisms? | Woese showed that prokaryotes actually can be divided into two groups-Bacteria and Archaea. |
| From a classification viewpoint, how are plants associated with animals? | They both belong in the Domain Eukarya. |
| Scientists currently identify three domains: plants, animals, and bacteria. True or False? | False |
| Before 1970, what was the basis for the biological classification system? | two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae |
| Which group contains mostly unicellular, eukaryotic organisms? | Protists |
| An organism with a nucleus would be placed in which domain? | Eukarya |
| Which of the following is eukaryotic? | humans |
| Based on evolutionary lineage, fungus and animals belong to the same: | clade. |
| Which of the following is prokaryotic? | Archaea |
| Why is it particularly difficult for the systematist to classify asexually reproducing organisms as a species? | Asexually reproducing organisms do not interbreed. |
| Once an organism is placed in a specific species, the designation cannot be changed. True or False? | False |
| Biodiversity is defined as _____. | the total range of species diversity on Earth |
| What will be the result of deforestation in the tropical rain forests? | A wealth of life will be removed and biodiversity lost. |
| Current research indicates that the temperate forest has the greatest biodiversity. True or False? | False |
| Which of the following statements best describes the end result of bacterial conjugation? | One cell has given a copy of a plasmid to another cell and kept one copy for itself. |
| From which cell does the sex pilus originate during bacterial conjugation? | The donor cell |
| True or False. During bacterial conjugation, the recipient cell receives a single-stranded loop of DNA | True |
| Which structure helps bacteria to attach within the tissues that they will infect? | Capsule |
| True or false. Bacteria reproduce by an asexual process in which one parent cell gives rise to identical daughter cells. | True |
| There are four bacteria in an egg salad that is left out at room temperature. After two hours, how many bacteria will be in the egg salad? | 256 |
| Bacterial cell walls contain: | peptidoglycan. |
| While examining a hot spring, you find something you haven't seen before. It has a cell membrane, but the cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. It contains both DNA and RNA. The DNA is circular. It would be classified as a(n): | archaea. |
| What differentiates gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria? | staining properties |
| What is the definition of an anaerobic cell? | A cell that does not require oxygen for its energy-producing metabolism and consequently, can survive in an oxygen-free environment. |
| Some archaea can live in boiling water. True or False? | True |
| Bacterial endospores are used for: | keeping the bacteria alive under harsh conditions. |
| What do the sticky layers of protective slime produced by some bacteria enable them to do? | stick together and form biofilms |
| Sex pili are prokaryotic structures that are used: | during conjugation. |
| Cyanobacteria obtain energy from: | sunlight. |
| In bacteria, the small, circular pieces of DNA that are located outside the chromosome are called: | plasmids. |
| Mutations that improve the survival and reproduction of organisms, and thus contribute to the evolution of species, arise rapidly in prokaryotes due to their: | rapid rate of cell division. |
| How is cholera, a disease that is a major killer in poorer parts of the world, spread? | contaminated drinking water |
| Organisms that produce disease are pathogens. True or False? | True |
| Legumes obtain a useful form of ________ from bacteria that live in root nodules. | nitrogen |
| You discover a new "thing." It has only RNA as a nucleic acid and lacks both a membrane and cytoplasm. This "thing" is a(n): | virus. |
| Prions contain only protein. True or False? | True |
| Viroids: | are infectious pieces of RNA |
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or mad cow disease, is caused by: | prions. |
| Which of the following consist of a protein coat surrounding a molecule of genetic material? | viruses |
| A virus basically consists of: | RNA or DNA and a protein coat. |
| The use of bacteria to break down pollutants is referred to as: | bioremediation. |
| The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying organisms is known as _____. | taxonomy |
| The _____ of an organism designates its genus and species. | scientific name |
| A ____ is a group that includes a number of very closely related species | genus |
| Each ____ within a genus includes populations of organisms that can potentially inter breed under natural conditions. | species |
| The Linnaean classification system came to include eight major categories, or taxonomic ranks: ____,____,____,___,___,___, genus, and species. | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family |
| Today, the process of classification focuses almost exclusively on reconstructing ____, or evolutionary history. | phylogeny |
| The science of reconstructing phylogeny is known as ____. | systematics |
| Any group that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor is a ____. | clade |
| Two of life's three domains, ____ and ____, consist entirely of prokaryotes. | Bacteria and Archaea |
| The cell walls of bacterial cells contain molecules of ______, a polysaccharide that also incorporates some amino acids, which helps strengthen the cell wall | peptidoglycan |
| ______ is unique to bacteria, and the cell walls of archaea do not contain it. | peptidoglycan |
| Slime-secreting prokaryotes o one or more species aggregate in colonies to form communities known as _____. | biofilms |
| When environmental conditions become inhospitable, many rod-shaped bacteria form protective structures called ____. | endospores |
| Unlike eukaryotes, many prokaryotes are _____; their metabolisms do not require oxygen. | anaerobes |
| Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually by _______, a form of cell division that is much simpler than mitotic cell division. | binary fission |
| In bacteria, donor cells may use specialized extensions called ______ that attach to a recipient cell, drawing it closer to allow conjugation. | sex pili |
| Much of the DNA transferred during bacteria conjugation is contained within a structure called a _____, a small, circular DNA molecule that is separate from the single bacterial chromosome. | plasmid |
| Plants need nitrogen to grow. To acquire it, they depend on _________, which live both in soil and in specialized nodules, small, rounded lumps on the roots of certain plants (legumes, which include alfalfa, soybeans, lupines, and clover) | nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
| special chambers called ____ on the roots of a legume provide a protected and constant environment for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. | nodules |
| During ____, one prokaryote acts as a donor, transferring DNA to the recipient. | conjugation |
| The practice of manipulating conditions to stimulate breakdown of pollutants by living organisms is known as _____. | bioremediation |
| The particles known as ____ are generally found in close association with living organisms, but most biologists do not consider them to be alive. | viruses |
| The short, hair-like structures that propel Paramecium through the water are called: | cilia |
| Which of the following is the parasite apicomplexans that causes malaria if it infects a human host? | plasmodium |
| Calcium carbonate shells and thread-like pseudopods are characteristic of: | foraminiferans |
| Plasmodial slime molds are described as acellular because they: | have no membranes surrounding their nuclei. |
| A pseudoplasmodium is a(n): | group of cellular slime mold cells. |
| A ______ forms when an acellular slime mold is exposed to dry conditions or starvation. | fruiting body |
| Which group has silica shells similar to those of diatoms? | radiolarians |
| which of the following is considered to be most closely related to plants? | green algae |
| Which of the following may be parasitic in humans? | apicomplexan |
| Which of the following has psedopods? | amoeba |
| Largest grouping in the classification hierarchy | Domain |
| Smallest grouping in the classification hierarchy | Species |
| The species concept based on the behavior of the organism | Ecological |
| This used to be the largest grouping in the classification hierarchy (before Woese) | Kingdom |
| The proper term for a given organism | Scientific Name |
| The species concept based on meaningful reproduction | Biological |
| Prokaryotic group that is more closely related to Eukarya | Archaea |
| Group just below the group size Kingdom | Phylum |
| The field of biology that uses phylogeny to classify organisms | Systematics |
| Type of species concept based on appearance | Morphological |
| The perceived evolutionary history of an organism | Phylogeny |
| Type of species concept that is the best | Phylogenetic |
| Grouping of the classification hierarchy that is the same "size" as phylum | Division |
| Variation of life forms and their complex interdependence | Biodiversity |
| The field of biology charged with naming and classification of an organism | Taxonomy |
| What are the two prokaryotic domains | Bacteria and Archaea |
| Group that contains the animal and plant kingdoms (and others) | Eukarya |
| Organisms are arranged or grouped by the science of _____ | taxonomy |
| _____ is the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. | taxonomy |
| The foundation for modern classification, _________, was developed by Linnaeus in the 1700's. | binomial nomenclature |
| Organisms are clasified or grouped into categories. These categories are further divided into smaller and smaller groupings creating an organizational _____ | hierarchy |
| What are the major taxonomic categories from most inclusive (biggest set) to least inclusive (smallest set)? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum/Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| ______ is the field of biology that uses phylogeny to categorize the diversity of living organisms | Systematics |
| ____ is the perceived evolutionary history of an organism | phylogeny |
| Using systematic, the more categories two organisms have in common the more closely related the two organisms are in their _____ | phylogeny |
| Systematists depict evolutionary relationships in branching ________ | phylogenetic trees |
| ____ are groups of species that includes the ancestral species and all its descendants | clades |
| In 1969 Robert Whittaker proposed a replacement for the plants vs animals system that had as its largest grouping five ______ | kingdoms |
| What were Robert Whittaker's 5 kingdoms defining characteristics? | cell type, cell number, and nutritional method |
| The techniques of molecular biology have aided the taxonomist in the classification of organisms by allowing the _________ from two organisms to be compared. | DNA sequences |
| The ability to examine the DNA sequences and genes of different organisms resulted in the kingdom Monera being separated into two distinct groups with are ______ | polyphyletic |
| ______ refers to a grouping which contains organisms with different immediate ancestors. | polyphyletic |
| There are two prokaryotic domains:_____ and ______ and a eukaryotic domain:_____ | Bacteria and Archaea; Eukarya |
| The lowest category of the taxonomic hierarchy is _____. | species |
| _______ is the group which includes all the organisms which are (or have the potential for) interbreeding. | Biological Species |
| _______ is the group which includes all the organisms which have the same shape and structure. | Morphological Species |
| _______ is defined in terms of its ecological role and is determined by the habitat occupied. | Ecological Species |
| ________ is the smallest group of individuals that shares a common ancestor sharing an evolutionary history. | Phylogenetic Species |
| There are about _____ identified species and possibly ___ to _____ times more which haven't yet been studied. | 1.5 billion; 5 to 50 |
| This incredible number of species and the ways that they all interact form the basis of ____ | biodiversity |
| The organisms that make up the two prokaryotic domains (____ and ____) were the first organisms to arise on earth (about _____ years ago) | Bacteria and Archaea; 3.5 billion |
| While only about ____ prokaryotic species have been described, there may be as many as ______ times that number | 5000; 100-1000 |
| Prokaryotes range in size from --- micrometers in diamete | 0.2-1.0 |
| ONe main distinction between the Bacteria and the Archaea is the type of a semi-rigid permeable _____ | cell wall |
| ____ is a complex of structural polysaccharides cross-linked by peptides | peptidoglycan |
| The cell wall of a bacterium gives characteristic shapes:_____, ____, and _____ | bacilli, cocci, and spirilla |
| The cell wall of a bacterium gives characteristic shapes: ____ are rod shaped; _____ are spherical, and ____ are helical or corkscrew shaped | bacilli; cocci; spirilla |
| the pepridoglycan cell wall of bacteria can be stained by a specific stain known as a _____ | Gram stain |
| _____ bacteria have the cell wall exposed to the environment. Some bacteria are not stained by Gram stain (______) | Gram positive; Gram negative |
| About half the prokaryotic species are capable of motion using rotating ____ | flagella |
| _____ are filaments that extend form the membrane of a cell and are used for cellular locomotion | flagella |
| The anchor of the bacterial flagellum is an ______ arrangement which allows the flagellum to rotate like a _____ | "axle-and-wheel"; propeller |
| _____ is the orientation or movement of an organism either toward or away from a stimulus. | taxis |
| If the movement is toward the stimulus, then it's called _____. Alternatively, if movement is away from the stimulus, then the taxis is _____. | positive taxis; negative taxis |
| What are the three main types of taxis seen in prokaryotes? | chemotaxis, phototaxis, and magnetotaxis |
| _____-movement toward (food) or away from (toxic substance) a chemical stimulus. | chemotaxis |
| _____-movement toward or away from light. | phototaxis |
| ______-movement toward or away from the Earth's magnetic field. | magnetotaxis |
| Surrounding the cell walls of some prokaryotes are either ____ or ______ | capsules or slime layers |
| Surrounding the cell walls of some prokaryotes are either capsules or slime layers. Both these structures are composed of _____ and/or ____. | polysaccharides and/or proteins |
| The capsule or the slime layer both function to attach the _____ to a surface and may also act as protective covering. | prokaryote |
| ____ is highly organized structure that is firmly attached to the cell wall. _____ is much less organized and more loosely attached to the cell wall. | capsule; slime layer |
| Another way that prokaryotes can attach themselves to a surface (e.g., a host-cell or another prokaryotic cell) is via ____ | pili |
| ____ are hair-like structures on the surface of certain bacteria that aid in attachment. | pili |
| Some prokayotes, especially the bacilli, can form a protective _____ in response to harsh environmental conditions. | endospore |
| ____ are protective "resting" structures in which the bacterial chromosome is surrounded by a durable wall. | endospores |
| Bacteria occupy many diverse habitats however some of the most extreme environments are the realms of the _____ | Archaea |
| ____ (salt loving) that inhabit the extremely salty Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake. | Halophiles |
| ____ (heat loving), including _______, which live in acidic hot springs or in the hot (105 degrees C) water surrounding deep-sea volcanic vents. | Thermophiles; thermoacidophiles |
| ______have evolved to live in almost every possible environmental condition found on Earth including some very extreme conditions. | Prokaryotes |
| Bacteria occupy many diverse habitats however some of the most extreme environments are the realms of the Archaea. Some examples include: ____ and ____ | halophiles and thermophiles |
| Prokaryote use asexual reproduction in the form of _____. The entire bacterial chromosome is replicated and passed on to each daughter cell. | binary fission |
| Some prokaryotes are able to transfer genetic information between cells by _____ | conjugation |
| _____ is the transfer of genetic information (a plasmid) between two prokaryote via a special sex pilus. | conjugation |
| ____ is a small double-stranded ring of DNA that carries extrachromosomal genes in some prokaryotes | plasmid |
| Many eukaryote form a _____ relationship with prokaryotes and rely on each other for an exchange some commodity | symbiotic |
| Most bacteria are harmless (or even beneficial) to humans, however some are _____ | pathogenic |
| Some diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria are: ____, _____, ____, and _____ | gonorrhea, syphilis, tuberculosis, and lyme disease |
| Because of the widespread use (and misuse) of antibiotics, some pathogenic bacteria have developed _____ | antibiotic resistance |
| There are groups of biological entities that are even smaller than prokaryotes. These groups are, _____, ____, and _____ | viruses, viroids, and prions |
| ____,____, and ____ are not organisms, because they don't have all the requirements or being alive. They are however derived from organisms. | viruses, viroids, and prions |
| Viruses have two parts:_____-the genetic information can be either DNA or RNA (ds or ss); and _____-a protein coat that surrounds and protects the genome. Some also have an ____-a membrane (phospholipid bilayer) that surrounds the capsid | genome; capsid; envelope |
| The entire funciton of a ____ is to take control of a host cell to produce more virus particles. A biological hijacking. | virus |
| The genetic material of the virus "______" the host cell to make more viruses. | reprograms |
| _____ are small fragments of ssRNA (either linear or circular) with no protein coat. | viroids |
| Like a virus, a ____ takes over the cell it infects. They are plant pathogens that can infect citrus, potatoes, and other crop species. | viroid |
| ____ are protein particles with no genetic material. | prions |
| Most _____ have been linked to degenerative diseases of nervous tissue especially the brain. | prions |
| The prion is an improperly folded version of a _______. | natural protein |
| term for an organism which causes an illness | pathogenic |
| structure which can withstand harsh conditions and last a long time | endospore |
| permeable, semi-rigid external covering for prokaryotes | cellwall |
| term for prokaryotes shaped like a corkscrew | spirilla |
| “common” infectious agent | virus |
| composite material used by bacteria to build cellwall | peptidoglycan |
| very simple infectious agent composed of naked genetic material | viroid |
| term for cellular division of prokaryotes | binary fission |
| means of locomotion for some prokaryotes | flagella |
| amorphous form of glycocalyx | slime layer |
| structured form of glycocalyx | capsule |
| term that refers to a genetic transfer between prokaryotes | conjugation |
| tube-like structure used to allow conjugation | sexpili |
| term referring to orientation as a result of some stimulus | taxis |
| name for a microbe that lives without oxygen | anaerobe |
| infectious improperly folded protein | prion |
| the genetic material transferred through sexpili | plasmid |
| name for a rod-shaped prokaryotes | bacilli |
| chemical used to detect peptidoglyan | gram stain |
| short hair-like structures on the surface of some prokaryotes | pili |
| protein structure surrounding the genetic material of virus | capsid |
| term for spherical-shaped prokaryotes | cocci |
| _____ is another name for a secreted material used for attachment or protection | glycocalyx |
| The Kingdom _____ represents an unusual mix of organisms. The organisms found in this kingdom are all eukaryotes and most are single-celled for most of their life-cycle. | Protista |
| What are the eukaryotic differences? | nucleus (with a double membrane), Organelles, 2 or more chromosomes (DNA + proteins) |
| ____ or _____ are the photosynthetic eukaryotes at the base of most aquatic food webs.They are responsible for most of the photosynthesis (and most of the oxygen production) of the planet. | Phytoplankton or algae |
| ______ are heterotrophic protests, which actively seek and ingest their food (either food particles or other organisms) | Protozoans |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-move via flagella; have a feeding groove; heterotrophic and lack mitochondria | Excavates |
| The two largest subgroups of the EXCAVATES are the _____ and the _____ | the diplomonads and the parabasalids |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-have distinctive mitochondria; move via flagella; mixed nutritional methods | Euglenozoans |
| There are two major groups of the EUGLENOZOANS, the _____ and the ______ | the euglenids and kinetoplastids |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-have many different forms some living as multicellular colonies; mixed nutritional methods | Stramenopiles (a.k.a. Chromists) |
| There are three major groups of the STRAMENOPILES (AKA CHROMISTS): _______,_______, and ______ | water molds, diatoms, and brown algae |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-most live as single cells; mixed nutritional methods including parasitic forms; varied forms of motility | Alveolates |
| There are three major groups of the ALVEOLATES:______, _______, and ______ | dinoflagellates, apicoplexans, and ciliates |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-most live as single cells; external shells of various types; hetrotrophic; motility based on very thin pseudopodia | Rhizarians |
| The RHIZARIANS includes _____ or ______ and _______ | foraminiferans or forams and radiolarians |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-have many different forms some living as multicellular colonies; heterotrophic; move using pseudopodia | Amoebozoans |
| There are three major groups of the AMOEBOZOANS:______, ______, and ______ | amoebas, acellular slime molds, and cellular slime molds |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-mainly marine but some fresh water;cells can form large aggregated colonies; cell wall has added polysaccharides;supports the deep water food web; used in cosmetics, ice cream paint,and sushi | Red Algae |
| The Protists can be organized into eight general groups:_______-some marine and many freshwater species; unicellular and colony forms; some species are flagellated; typical chloroplasts; probably an ancestor of land plants; cell wall only has cellulose | Green Algae |
| RED ALGAE- Division ______ | Rhodophyta |
| GREEN ALGAE- Division ______ and/or ______ | Chlorophyta and/or Charophytes |
| Red algae's red color is caused by _______ | accessory pigments |
| Mobile feeding stage of the acellular type of slime mold than is similar to pseudoplasmodium | Plasmodium |
| This group is also known as the chromists | Stramenopiles |
| Type of slime mold that forms pseudoplasmodium | cellular |
| Member of alveolates with 2 flagella | Dinoflagellate |
| Only anaerobic type of protists | Parabasalids |
| General name for a protist that uses pseudopodia and does not have a shell | Amoeba |
| A plant-like protist with a glass shell | Diatom |
| A complex protist with an oral groove and an anal pore. | Ciliate |
| The parasitic group of alveolates | Apicomplexans |
| General term for animal-like protists. | Protozoans |
| The type of flagellated protists with 2 nuclei. | Diplomonads |
| The organism that causes sleeping sickness is a member of this group. | Kinetoplastids |
| A migrating structure formed from an aggregation of cells. | Pseudoplasmodium |
| Types of rhizarians with calcium carbonate shells. | Foraminiferans |
| Types of rhizarians with spiked glass shells. | Radiolarians |
| Protists that lack mitochondria. | Excavates |
| General term referring to plant-like protists. | Algae |
| Singular form of structure used for locomotion by a number of protists. | Flagellum |
| Protists with very thin pseudopodia. | Rhizarians |
| Type of slime mold that can grow into a large cell with lots of nuclei. | Acellular |
| Decomposing protists with filamentous "bodies" | Water Molds |
| Protist genus with an eyespot. | Euglena |
| This group of protists includes members with varied forms of motility. | Alveolates |
| Type of structures used for locomotion. | Cilia |
| _____-both free living and symbiotic species; have two nuclei; multiple flagella | Diplomonads-member of the excavates |
| _____-anaerobic; all known species are symbiotic and some are parasitic | Parabasalids-member of the excavates |
| _____ is a member of the Diplomonads- infection results from drinks untreated water causing diarrhea etc. | Giardia |
| _____ is a sexually transmitted member of the Parabasalids-males can often be asymptomatic. | Trichnomanas |
| _____-most are freshwater;have 1-3 flagella; primarily photosynthetic but can switch to heterotrophic in the dark;many lack a rigid cell wall;have a photoreceptor called an eyespot | Euglenids-member of the Euglenozoans |
| _____-one flagellum; both free living and symbiotic species; some of the symbiotic species are parasitic, including Trypanosome-causing sleeping sickness | Kinetoplastids-member of the Euglenozoans |
| ______-causing sleeping sickness | Trypanosome |
| ______-they form a small division; cells can form aggregated colonies; filamentous bodies; heterotrophic decomposers; mobile flagellated gametes. | Water Molds-member of the Stramenopiles AKA Chromists |
| One common water mold with economic importance is ______ | downy mildew |
| Water molds-Division _____ | Oomycota |
| ______-may be freshwater or marine; photosynthetic; have glass-like "shells" with perforation to allow for exchange of substances;about 5600 described & more than 35000 extinct species (based on "shell" morphology) | Diatoms-member of the Stramenopiles AKA Chromists |
| Diatoms-Division _____ | Chrysophyta |
| _______-Marine; Deep water to tidal;"brown" color caused by accessory pigments; cell wall has added polysaccharides;cells can form large aggregated colonies; giant kelp forest;gas-bladders to keep the plant extending toward the surface | Brown Algae-member of the Stramenopiles AKA Chromists |
| _____-most are marine; 2 flagella, on at the end and one in an equatorial groove;most are photosynthetic; may have a cellulose cell wall | Dinoflagellates-member of the Alveolates |
| Brown Algae-Division _____ | Phaeophyta |
| Members of the Dinoflagellates are responsible for ____ which result in massive fish kills along the Gulf coast | red tides |
| _____-all are hetrotrophic parasites which have a mobile stage called a sporozoite.This groups includes:Plasmodium that causes malaria and Toxoplasma that vectors through cats. | Apicoplexans AKA Sporozoans-member of the Alveolates |
| Dinoflagellates-Division _____ | Pyrrophyta |
| Apicoplexans (AKA Sporozoans)-Phylum _______ | Apicomplexa |
| ______-most species are solitary freshwater; hetrotrophic; use cilia for movement and feeding | Ciliates-member of the Alveolates |
| Ciliates-Phylum ________ | Ciliophora |
| _____ are short hair-like filaments that are made of protein | cilia |
| The _____ are the most complex of the protozoa with an internal structure that includes an oral groove, an anal pore, and two types of nuclei. | ciliates |
| In the ciliates the two types of nuclei have different functions: The ____ handles all the day-to-day business and the ____ functions in sexual reproduction | macronucleus; micronucleus |
| _____-external shell composed of CaCO3; many species characterized based on shell morphology | Foraminiferans-member of the Rhizarians |
| ____-external shell composed of silica (glass); many species characterized based on shell morphology | Radiolarians-member of the Rhizarians |
| ______-move and engulf food-using pseodopodia; most are free living though some can be parasitic-amoebic dysentery | Amoebas (AKA lobese amoebas)-member of the Amoebozoans |
| ______-The mobile feeding stage of this organism life cycle is the plasmodium;in the mobile stage the cells go though mitosis but not cytokinesis;the result is an acellular organism which looks like a very large multi-nucleated single "cell" | Acellular Slime Molds-member of the Amoebozoans |
| The two basic types of ______ have: a mobile feeding stage; a stationary reproductive stage with a fruiting body that produces spores | Slime molds-member of the Amoebozoans |
| Acellular Slime Molds-Division ______ | Myxomycota |
| _____ are also known as plasmodial slime molds. This name comes from the plasmodium, which is the mobile feeding stage of this organism life cycle. | Acellular Slime Molds |
| _____-this plasmodium moves through decaying material, engulfing bacteria and food particles. In harsh environmental conditions(dry)the plasmodium forms a mound and produces a stalked fruiting body that produces haploid spores. | Acellular Slime Molds |
| ______-they have a two-part life cycle in which the cells of many "individuals" form an interactive aggregate which is almost multicellular;individual solitary cells characterize the mobile feeding stage.Amoeboid movement using pseudopodia. | Cellular Slime Molds-member of the Amoebozoans |
| ______-during times of environmental stress, a signal causes the cells aggregate into a pseudoplasmodium but remain individual cells. This aggregate of cells is still mobile and migrates to a suitable spot for the formation of the fruiting body | Cellular Slime Molds-member of the Amoebozoans |
| Cellular slime molds-Division ______ | Acrasiomycota |
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