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chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | the central region of an atom |
| atomic number | number of protons |
| mass number | number if protons plus neutrons |
| atomic weight | exact mass of all particles (daltons) |
| isotopes | 2 or more elements with equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
| Elements in the human body are determined by | the atomic number of an atom: are the most basic basic chemicals |
| chemical bonds: ionic bonds | attraction between cations and anions. Are atoms with positive or negative charge. |
| Chemical bonds: covalent bonds | strong electron bonds that share.very strong, may have single, double, and triple bonds |
| chemical bonds: hydrogen bonds main definition | weak polar bonds. |
| molecules | atoms joined by strong bonds |
| compounds | atoms joined by strong or weak bonds |
| Nonpolar covalent bonds | bonds that occur between two atoms of the same type |
| polar colvalent bonds | bonds that occur mainly with different typed of atoms. because of the strength of attraction, there is and unequal sharing of electrons |
| hydrogen bonds | these are weak attractive forces that cannot create molecules, but they can change molecular shapes or pull molecules together. Bonding occurs between water molecules |
| the attraction between molecules slows the rate of evaporation and creates the phenomenon known as | surface tension |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
| decomposition reaction (break down) | a reaction that breaks a molecule into smaller fragments (catabolism) AB-> A+B |
| synthesis reaction (build up) | assembles smaller molecules into larger molecules A+B-> AB |
| Hydrolysis (decomposition reaction) add water | water components are added to the product fragments |
| dehydration synthesis (condensation) take water away | water is removed from a complex molecule |
| reactants = substrates or on the left | materials going into a reaction |
| products or on the right | materials coming out of a reaction |
| Enzymes: (catalysts) | -proteins that lower the activation energy of a reaction (speeds things up) - accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed (lowers energy) |
| excess heat or temperature and changed in acidity | lose enzymes |
| organic | molecules based on carbon and hydrogen |
| inorganic | molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen |
| essential molecules | Nutrients and metabolites |
| essential molecules nutrients | essential molecules and elements normally obtained from food |
| essential molecules: metabolites | much larger molecules made or broken down in the body |
| solubility | waters ability to dissolve a solute (sugar) in a solvent (water) to make a solution |
| re-activity | most body chemistry uses or occurs in water |
| hydrophilic | reacts in water: mainly polar bonds |
| hydrophobic | mainly nonpolar bonds: example fats and oil |
| pH | -Hydrogen ions are extremely reactive in solution. The concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluids must be regulated precisely pH: the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)in a solution |
| neural pH | a balance of h+ and oh- |
| acid (acidic) pH lower than 7.0 which means.. | High H+ low oh- |
| base: pH higher than 7.0 which means.. | low H+ and high OH- |
| pH scale: has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration which means.. ** | more H+ ions mean lower pH, less H+ ions mean higher pH |
| Polysaccharides | chains of many simple sugars |
| Glycogen is | stored glucose |
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