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Biology Chapter 2
None
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ atoms are found in all organic compounds | Carbon |
| Carbon Skeletons vary in ______ | length |
| Carbon skeletons may be _______ or branched | unbranched |
| Carbon needs to form ___ covalent bonds | 4 |
| Carbon skeletions may have ____ bonds, which can vary in location | double |
| Carbon skeletons may be arranged in ____ | rings |
| Monomers are small _____ molecules linked together to form _______ | carbon, polymers |
| ______ can be broken down into the component ________ | Monomers, Polymers |
| _______ most are very large polymers | Macromolecules |
| Dehydration Reaction- | OH and H bond |
| Hydrolysis | H and OH separate |
| We eat food so we can get the _______ we need to ___ our body | components, build |
| 4 Groups of Organic Compounds: | Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid |
| Carbohydrates: | Sugars and polymers of sugar |
| 2 mono-saccharides (monomers) combine to form _______ | DI-saccharides |
| Glucose Chemical Formula: | c6H12O6 |
| Glucose is referred to as the basic ___ of the cell | fuel |
| Carbohydrates: 3 Examples of Polymers: | Starch: Plant storage for excess glucose Glycogen: Animal storage for excess glucose Cellulose: Structural support in plants |
| How do animals store excess sugar/vs plants ? | Animals store excess sugar as glycogen, plants store excess sugar as starch. |
| Glycogen is stored mainly in some _____ tissue and in the liver. | muscle |
| ______ is the most abundant organic compound on the planet | cellulose |
| Cellulose is used for ______ support in plants | structural |
| Cellulose is a carbohydrate, not a _____ | sugar |
| Cellulose is sometimes referred to as _____. | fiber |
| Cattle have bacteria to _____ cellulose for grazing animals | digest |
| Fiber moves through the digestive track ______ and stimulates, keeps healthy digestive system | rapidly |
| Lipids-several classes: | Fats and oils, steroids, phospholipids |
| What are the building blocks for carbohydrates | mono saccharides, etc. |
| Fats, solid at room temperature from _____ | animals |
| Oils, liquid at room temperature generally from _____ | plants |
| Lipids are hydro____ | phobic |
| Lipids store the most energy ounce for ounce of any ______ compound | organic |
| Lipids Stored in ______ cells | adipose |
| Lipids are ______ | essential |
| Lipids help ____ the organs, provide -______ | cushion, insulation |
| Steroids are made up of _____ like structures | ring |
| Cholesterol needed to make ______ and 1 type of _______. | Testosterone, estrogen |
| Anabolic steroids ____ testosterone. | mimic |
| MISUSE OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS CAN LEAD TO LIVER DAMAGE, TESTICLE ______, ETC. | SHRINKAGE |
| ________ ARE THE LIPIDS THAT SURROUND EVERY SINGLE ____ ON THE PLANET. | Phospholipids, cell |
| Phospholipids have 2 parts-_____ Head that can interact with water, and non polar head which will not interact with water | Polar |
| Phospholipids-Nonpolar tails help ______ what can leave and/or enter the cell | regulate |
| Building blocks of proteins are ____ ____ | amino acids |
| A chain of amino acids is a _________ | polypeptide |
| A polypeptide folds to form a _______ | protein |
| Proteins have many ______ | functions |
| Major types of proteins: | Structural, storage, contractile, transport, enzymes |
| Hemoglobin is the protein that carries ______ | oxygen |
| There are only ___ different amino acids | 20 |
| The average protein is ____-____ amino acids long | 200, 300 |
| Peptide Bond includes ______ | Nitrogen |
| Sequence of Amino Acids determines how protein will _____ | fold |
| One change in Amino Acid sequence makes a huge _______ | difference |
| 6th amino acid Valine instead of glycine folds incorrectly causes _____ _____ _____ | Sickle Cell Anemia |
| Enzymes are types of | proteins |
| Enzymes act as a ______ | catalyst |
| Enzymes build up break down and rearrange ______ | molecules |
| Enzymes specific to the substance worked | on |
| Enzymes have active sites that match with | substrate |
| PKU are unable to break down particular amino acid-_______ (1 in 15000 babies) | Phenoalanine |
| Denatured Protein has lost its | shape/function |
| What risk does a high fever have? | 104 degrees or higher-temperature causes a protein to denature |
| Misfolded Protein associated with: | Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Mad Cow |
| Nucleic Acids are made up of: | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, plus Phosphorus |
| Nucleic Acid: | DNA-Deoxi Ribo |
| Nucleic Acid: | RNA uses the information found in DNA-Ribo Nucleic Acid |
| Nucleic Acid: | Information Storage Molecule |
| Building Blocks of Nucleic Acids are called | Nucleotides |
| DNA 2 Chains-Nucleotide | Spiral |
| Sides of DNA molecule are | Phosphate Sugar |
| Rungs of DNA ladder-4 | Bases |
| The sequence of Nucleotide Bases that determines | genetics |
| Each ____ is a portion of a DNA | molecule |
| Your genes contain information to make | proteins |
| Lactose Intolerance-Inability to break down | milk sugar |
| Enzyme Lactase no longer produced means lactose | intolerance |
| Most people on the planet are lactose | intolerant |
| People of Northern European Heritage allows them to continue to produce | lactase |
| Hydrogenated Oils-Partially Hydrogenated Oil= | Trans Fat |
| Trans Fat has had additional hydrogen added to maintain | solidity |
| Low Density Lipids is | bad cholesterol |
| High Density Lipids are | good cholesterol |
| If you eat unsaturated fats (good fats) they tend to ______ LDLS and raise HDLS | lower |
| If you eat Saturated Fats, they ______ Ldls and do nothing to HDLS | increase |
| If you eat Trans Fats, they increase LDLS and lower | HDLS |
| If has less than .05 trans fat, can be listed as free of | trans fats |
| High fructose Corn Syrup process corn to- | starch-to-glucose-fructose |
| Humans have more than 200 different kinds of | cells |
| All cells share some basic characteristics whether unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or | eukaryotic |
| Every cell has a _____ ______ | plasma/cell membrane |
| The plasma membrane is selectively | permeable |
| The plasma membrane is made of ______ and _______ | lipids, protein |
| The plasma membrane separates internal/external _________. | environment |
| Plasma Membrane is quite _______ | fluid |
| All cells are filled with jelly like fluid called | cyvicol |
| All cells have 1 or more | chromosomes made of DNA/genes to make proteins |
| All cells have | ribosomes/which make proteins |
| Prokaryotic Cells are smaller than | Eukaryotic Cells |
| Prokaryotic Cells don't have a true | nucleus |
| Prokaryotic Cells- | No organelles |
| Prokaryotic Cells-Much _______ than eukaryotic cells | older |
| Prokaryotes-Most have a cell _____, a ______, which is a jelly substance that provides protection | wall, capsule |
| Prokaryotes-Pilli-helps attach to | surfaces |
| _____ helps prokaryotes move | flagellum |
| Plant Cells have rigid | cell walls |
| Plant Cell Walls are made of | cellulose |
| Animal Cells, membrane, sticky called | extracellular matrix |
| Cell Junctions allow | coordination |
| The Nucleus is the ______ ______ of the cell | control center |
| Within Nucleus, 1 or more dark bodies called | nucleolus |
| Nucleolus is the structure that builds the parts for the | ribosome |
| Nuclear Envelope keeps _______ separate from rest of cell | Nucleus |
| Nuclear ______ | Pores |
| Chromatin is the ______ form of the | DNA |
| Once condensed, Chromatin is | chromosome |
| Ribosomes are where ______ ______ occurs | protein synthesis |
| Ribosomes are where protein ______ occurs | synthesis |
| Free Ribosomes just in the | cyticol |
| Some Ribosomes are attached to either surface of the _______ or ______ _______ | nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum |
| Attached ribosomes also makes ______- proteins | export |
| MRNA leaves ________ through ______ ______, attaches to _______, which reads the information, making a protein, little circles amino acid | nucleus, nuclear pores, ribosomes |
| The ________ _____ organelles manufacture and distribute cellular products | endomembrane system |
| Many membrane organelles forming the endomembrane system in a cell are interconnected either _______ by their membranes or by ________ of membrane segments between them | directly, segments |
| The first organelle in Endomembrane system is called the _________ ________ | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Two types of ER- ______ ER and ______ ER | Rough, Smooth |
| Rough ER has ________ attached to it, processes proteins, location where additional ______ can be produced | ribosomes, proteins, (and makes more membrane) |
| Smooth ER is capable of breaking down some ______ and it is also the site of _____ _______ | toxins, lipid synthesis |
| In ______ cells, lots of smooth ER | liver |
| Lipid Synthesis-Testes and Ovaries-Smooth ER to make abundant amounts of _______ | lipids |
| Little bit of membrane off of Rough ER for further processing of ______ called ______ ______ | Protein, transport vesicles |
| Golgi Apparatus looks like a stack of plates-function is to process and distribute proteins lipids and other | materials |
| ________ are part of Endomembrane system, produced by the Golgi Apparatus | Lysosomes |
| Lysosomes are filled with ______ ______, with a PH of ____ | digestive enzymes, 5 |
| Lysosome recyles and ______ materials | digests |
| A lysosome breaks down damaged _______, capable of destroying _______ | organelles, bacteria |
| Skin in between future finger and toes because of | lysosomes |
| There are diseases called ______ Storage _____ | lysosomal, disease |
| _______, lysosome lacking ability to digest lipids | Tay-Sachs |
| _______ are part of Endomembrane System | Vacuoles |
| Vacuoles are membranous sacs that can form from: ____, _____, or ______ -______ | ER, golgi, or plasma membrane |
| Some organisms have -_______ vacuoles | contractile |
| Plants have large ______ vacuole can be used to store ______ ______ | central, organic nutrients |
| Organelle Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and in _____ cells | algae |
| Chloroplasts are where _________ occurs | photosynthesis |
| Chloroplasts are _______ in origin | prokaryotic |
| Organelle-Mitochondria are _________ in origin | prokaryotic |
| Mitochondria are where _______ ______ takes place, producing ____ | cellular respiration, ATP |
| ATP- Energy _______ for Eukaryotic Cells | Molecule |
| ALL organisms contain __________ mitochondria | |
| Cytoskeleton/cilia/flagella allows for cell ___________, supports cell, maintains cell shape, and includes ________ and _______ filaments | movement, microtubules and micro filaments |
Created by:
sarchelj