What are the institutions that make public policy decisions for a society?

Congress, the President, the Courts, and the Federal Administrative Agencies ("the Bureaucracy").

Since September 11, 2001, what happened to the defense budget?

It substantially increased in order to cope with the threat of terrorism on U.S. soil.

What do national government throughout the world perform that are considered functions?

Maintaining a National Defense. Providing public goods, and services. Preserving order. Socializing the young. Collecting taxes.

Why do modern governments pay for education?

To make sure each student get a course on the theory and practice of the country's government.

Approximately one out of every three dollars earned by Americans go to what?

National, State, and Local taxes.

What does the tax money pay for?

It pays for the public goods and services the government provides.

When elections result in a change of a party control power is transferred where?

Peacefully to the United States.

Why do Governments politically socialize the young?

To instill in children knowledge of and pride in the nation and its political system and values.

What does politics determine?

It determines who we select as our governmental leaders, and what policies these leaders pursue.

What is Harold D. Lasswell's famous definition of politics?

"Who gets what, when, and how."

Harold D. Lasswell's definition is considered what?

One of the briefest and most useful definitions of politics ever penned.

What are Political Scientists interested in?

They are interested in politics related to governmental decision making.

The word "who" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics includes who/what?

Voters, Candidates, Groups, and Parties.

The word "what" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics refers to what?

The substance of politics and government-benefits, such as medical care for the elderly, and burdens, such as new taxes.

The word "how" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics refers to what?

The ways in which people participate in Politics.

People get what they want through what?

Voting, supporting, compromising, lobbying, and many more ways.

Behind every arcane tax provision or item in an appropriations bill are what?

Are real people getting something, or getting something taken away.

Many people judge the health of a government by what?

By how political participation is.

Who are the people who do have a effect on who has the political power at the present time?

Groups with a high turnout rate, such as the elderly benefit.

Individual citizens and organized groups get involved in politics because why?

They understand that public policy choices made by governments affect them in significant ways.

The ways in which people get involved in politics make what?

Make up their political participation.

The president and members of congress are expected to keep the economy humming alone. If they don't what will happen?

Voters will penalize them at the polls.

How can people participate in politics to shape it to how they believe it should be?

Voting for candidates who represent their opinions, joining political parties, posting messages to Internet chat groups, and forming interest groups.

What are interest groups?

Organized groups of people with a common interest.

Parties and Interest groups strive to ensure what?

That their members' concerns receive appropriate political attention.

Elections provide citizens with what?

The chance to make their opinions heard by choosing their public officials.

Some people think that the government should spend more time training people for jobs in todays increasingly technology-oriented economy, but what do others think?

They think that the government is already spending too much, resulting in high taxes that discourage business investments.

Some citizens expect that the government should do something to curb domestic violence, other people think what?

Others are concerned about prospects that the government may make it much harder to buy a handgun.

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Sections Questions, and Answers

Question	Answer
What are the institutions that make public policy decisions for a society?	Congress, the President, the Courts, and the Federal Administrative Agencies ("the Bureaucracy").
How much money does the U.S. spend on National Defense?	$650 billion a year.
Since September 11, 2001, what happened to the defense budget?	It substantially increased in order to cope with the threat of terrorism on U.S. soil.
How many types of goods, and services are there?	Two.
What do national government throughout the world perform that are considered functions?	Maintaining a National Defense. Providing public goods, and services. Preserving order. Socializing the young. Collecting taxes.
Why do modern governments pay for education?	To make sure each student get a course on the theory and practice of the country's government.
Approximately one out of every three dollars earned by Americans go to what?	National, State, and Local taxes.
What does the tax money pay for?	It pays for the public goods and services the government provides.
What public goods and services can be provided to some people without being provided to all?	College, or Medicare.
Americans take great what in calling their government democratic?	Great pride.
How many elected officials are in the United States?	About 500,000.
Congress, the President, the Courts, and the Federal Administrative Agencies are known as the what?	The Government.
What is the cause of why U.S. troops have been in Afghanistan since 2001?	The threat from Al Qaeda.
What is one of the public services that the Government provides?	National Defense.
What is something the Government protects?	Its National Sovereignty.
Some governments possess "awesome power" to make war through what?	Highly sophisticated weapons.
How much money does governments in our country spend on schools, libraries, hospitals, highways, and many other public goods, and services?	Billions.
When elections result in a change of a party control power is transferred where?	Peacefully to the United States.
Why do Governments politically socialize the young?	To instill in children knowledge of and pride in the nation and its political system and values.
The private sector has no incentive to provide goods and services that everyone has access to, what is the only way they can be provided?	The Government.
What does politics determine?	It determines who we select as our governmental leaders, and what policies these leaders pursue.
What is Harold D. Lasswell's famous definition of politics?	"Who gets what, when, and how."
Harold D. Lasswell's definition is considered what?	One of the briefest and most useful definitions of politics ever penned.
What are Political Scientists interested in?	They are interested in politics related to governmental decision making.
What does the media usually focus on?	The "who" of politics.
The word "who" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics includes who/what?	Voters, Candidates, Groups, and Parties.
The word "what" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics refers to what?	The substance of politics and government-benefits, such as medical care for the elderly, and burdens, such as new taxes.
The word "how" in Harold D. Lasswell's definition of Politics refers to what?	The ways in which people participate in Politics.
People get what they want through what?	Voting, supporting, compromising, lobbying, and many more ways.
Behind every arcane tax provision or item in an appropriations bill are what?	Are real people getting something, or getting something taken away.
Many people judge the health of a government by what?	By how political participation is.
Low voter turnouts have a effect on what?	On who holds political power.
Who are the people who do have a effect on who has the political power at the present time?	Groups with a high turnout rate, such as the elderly benefit.
What does a low turnout rate lack? Such as young people?	Political Clout.
Voting is considered one form of what?	Political Participation.
Many people who treat politics as critical to their interest are members of what?	Single-Issue Groups.
Pro-life and pro-choice groups are single-minded and usually what?	Uncompromising.
Individual citizens and organized groups get involved in politics because why?	They understand that public policy choices made by governments affect them in significant ways.
The ways in which people get involved in politics make what?	Make up their political participation.
What's the point of Government Politics?	Buying Votes.
The president and members of congress are expected to keep the economy humming alone. If they don't what will happen?	Voters will penalize them at the polls.
It is through the what that our government responds to the priorities of its people?	Policymaking System.
All Americans have interests, problems, and concerns that are touched on by what?	Public Policy.
How can people participate in politics to shape it to how they believe it should be?	Voting for candidates who represent their opinions, joining political parties, posting messages to Internet chat groups, and forming interest groups.
What are interest groups?	Organized groups of people with a common interest.
Parties and Interest groups strive to ensure what?	That their members' concerns receive appropriate political attention.
Elections provide citizens with what?	The chance to make their opinions heard by choosing their public officials.
Some people think that the government should spend more time training people for jobs in todays increasingly technology-oriented economy, but what do others think?	They think that the government is already spending too much, resulting in high taxes that discourage business investments.
Some citizens expect that the government should do something to curb domestic violence, other people think what?	Others are concerned about prospects that the government may make it much harder to buy a handgun.
The policymaking system begins with what?	People.
All Americans have interests, problems, and concerns that are touched on by what?	Public Policy.
When jobs are scarce and business productively is falling, economic problems occupy a what?	High position on the governments agenda.
If the economy is doing well and trouble spots around the world occupy the headlines, foreign policy questions are bound to what?	Dominate the Agenda
In general bad news-particularly about a crisis situation-is more likely then good news to what?	To draw sufficient media attention to put a subject on the policy agenda.
What is the old saying about good news?	"Good news is no news."
The Policy Agenda responds more to what than what?	Responds more to failures than successes.
Public Policies are of various types, depending in part on which policymaking institution they oriented with. Some of the most important types are what?	Statue, Presidential Action, Court Decision, Budgetary Choice, and Regulation.
Having a policy implies what?	Having a goal.
The analysis of policy impacts carries the policymaking system back to its point of origin which is what?	The interests, problems, and concerns of the people.
Translating people's desires into effective public policy is crucial to the workings of what?	Democracy.
Today, the term democracy takes it's place among terms like what?	Freedom, Justice, and Peace as a word that seemingly has only positive connotations.
Surveys around the world routinely show that most people in most democracies believe that democracy is the best form of what?	Government.
Roger Sherman, a delegate to the constitutional convention, said what?	"The people should have as little to do as may be about the government."
Most Americans would probably say that democracy is what?	"Government by the people."
Abraham Lincoln defined democracy in his Gettysburg Address as what?	"Government of the people, by the people, and for the people."
Certainly, government has always been "of the people" in the United States, for the Constitution forbids what?	The granting of the titles of nobility-a status of privilege within the government, usually passed down from generation to generation.
What is the five criteria that Robert Dahl, one of the American leading theorists, suggests that an ideal democratic process should satisfy?	Equality in voting, effective participation, enlightened understanding, citizen control of the agenda, and inclusion.
The majority rule cannot infringe on what?	Minority Rights.
What is Minority Rights?	Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Speech, and so on are freedoms for those in a minority as well as the majority.
Democracies should practice majority rule, meaning what?	That policies made should reflect the will of over half the voters.
The literal meaning of representation is what?	"Make present once again."
In politics, representation means what?	That the desires of the people should be replicated in government through the choices of elected officials.
The closer the correspondence between representatives and their constituents the closer the what?	The approximation to an ideal democracy.
The National Rifle Association (NRA), the National Organization for Women (NOW), and the American Council on Education (ACE) are contemporary examples of what?	Interest Groups.
Robert Dahl expresses his view of rather then speaking of majority rule, we should speak of groups of minorities working together by saying what?	In America "all active and legitimate groups in the population can make themselves heard at some crucial stage in the process."
Writing in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville call us what?	A "nation of joiners" an pointed to the high level of associational activities as one of the crucial reasons for the success of the American democracy.
Robert Putman argues that many of the problems of American democracy today is what?	Stem from a decline in group-based participation.
Thus, political scientists Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson wrote in 2005, what?	That "America's political market no longer looks like the effectively functioning market that economics textbooks laud."
Some challenges to democracy is what?	Increased complexity of issues, Limited participation in government, Escalating campaign costs, and Diverse political interests.
The key factor that holds American democracy together is what?	Liberty, Egalitarianism, and Individualism.
In proposing a massive $787 billion stimulus package to deal with the nation's economic woes in 2009, President Obama said what?	"It is true that we cannot depend on government alone to create jobs or long-term growth, but at this particular moment, only government can provide the short-term boost necessary to lift us from a recession this deep and severe."
Republican House Leader John Boehner countered what in response to President Obama?	"This bill makes clear that the era of Big Government is back, and the Democrats expect you to pay for it."
What is the National debt?	$17 trillion.
What does the U.S. spend the most on?	Medicare, and Medicaid.
What is the second thing the U.S. spends the most on?	Social Security.
What is the third thing the U.S. spends the most on?	The Defense Department.
Those who are inclined to support an active role for government argue what?	That its intervention is sometimes the only means of achieving important goals in American society.
Dick Armey, who was one of the key figures in the establishment of the conservative Tea Party movement, expressed this view well when he wrote what?	"There is more wisdom in millions of individuals making decisions in their own self-interest then there is in even the most enlightened bureaucrat (or congressmen) making decisions on their behalf."
Ronald Reagan argued in his farewell presidential address what?	"As government expands, liberty contracts."
About how many Americans work for our government, mostly at the state and local level as teachers, police officers, university professors, and so on?	24 Million.
The government spends how much money a year?	$3.7 trillion annually.
How many civilians does the government employ including the ones in the military?	2.8 million Civilians, and 1.4 million in the military.
How much land does the government own in the United States?	About one-third of the land
How much office space does the government occupy?	3.2 billion square feet.
How much money does the National Defense take out of the budget?	About one-sixth of the federal budget.
How much does Social Security consume of the budget?	One-fifth of the budget.
How much does Medicare take out of the budget?	One-tenth of the budget.
The federal government helps fund what?	Highway, and airport construction, police departments, school districts, and other state and local functions.
The federal government ran a budget deficit every year from when to when?	From 1969 through 1997.
The severe economic recession that took hold at the end of Bush's presidency led to his running up to what?	Further Red Ink in 2008 to bail out the financial system and to Obama's doing the same in 2009 with an economic stimulus package to combat unemployment.
What does the Constitution supersede?	Ordinary Laws.
What does the Constitution guarantee?	Individual rights.
What was the case, that's considered #1 on court cases?	Texas V Johnson.
What was the amendment that did not obtain concerning the burning of the flag by Gregory Lee Johnson?	The amendment to prohibit burning the American flag didn't obtain the 2/3's vote in each house of congress necessary to send it to the states for ratification.
What was Gregory Lee Johnson convicted of?	"Desecration of a venerated object."
What did Gregory claim?	Law violated his freedom of speech
What did Gregory Lee Johnson consider a threat to the planet?	All the weapons in the world. He was considering protesting presidential, and corporate policies concerning the nuclear weapons.
What law did Congress end up passing?	The Flag Protection Act- that outlawed the desecration of the American flag.
What does the Constitution create?	"Political institutions, allocates power within government, and often provides guarantees to the citizens."
What did the Supreme Court consider the act of Gregory Lee Johnson's burning of the American flag?	A impermissible infringement on freed speech.
"In the summer of 1776, a small group of men met in Philadelphia and passed a resolution that began an armed rebellion against the government id what was then the most powerful nation on Earth." What was the resolution?	The Declaration of Independence and the armed rebellion, the American Revolution.
What were white colonists considered?	"They were freer, more equal, more prosperous, and less burdened with cumbersome feudal and monarchial restraints than any other part of mankind."
How did the colonists respond?	Forming the "First Continental Congress on September 1774."
On July 2nd what did Congress formally approve?	Lee's motion to declare independence from England congress adopted the "Declaration of Independence" two days later on July 4th.
Where did Britain obtain an enormous new territory?	In North America after the French and Indian war.
What happened on May and June 1776?	The Continental Congress began debating resolutions about independence.
Who was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence?	Thomas Jefferson
Whats the meaning of natural rights?	Rights by nature.
What did the American colonies win in 1783?	They won their war of independence.
What were American colonists?	They "were not oppressed people;they had no crushing imperial shackles to throw off."
In 1776, Congress appointed a committee to what?	To draw up a plan for a permanent union for the states.
What was the plan that the committee was to draw up?	The Articles of Confederation.
What was the United States considered according to the Articles?	"A league of friendship and perpetual union."
What is Direct Democracy?	People vote for everything.
What was the minimum amount of delegates that could be sent from a state?	As few as two.
The Articles adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 did not go into effect until when?	1781, when laggard Maryland finally ratified them.
Expanded political participation brought what?	It brought power a new middle class, which included artisans and farmers who owned small homesteads.
What were at the top of the political agenda and was most important?	Economic Issues.
Led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays, this rebellion, called Shays' Rebellion was what?	Was a series of armed attacks on courthouses to prevent judges from foreclosing on farms.
What was the confederation considered?	A loose friendship.
What did Thomas Jefferson refer to the 55 men in Philadelphia?	"Demigods"
What was Human Nature considered?	Selfish.
What was the Republican Government?	Government in which the ultimate power rests with the voters.
What did Virginia's Patrick Henry declare?	"Give me liberty or give me death!"
What did Hobbes write concerning a strong government?	"That life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short without a strong government."
The 55 delegates ignored their directions and began writing the what?	U.S. Constitution.
What are factions?	Part of the political party and can be good and bad for the government.
What was the secret of having a good government?	Having a balanced government.
What was the main purpose of congress?	Money.
The government was afraid factions were going to take over so they created what?	Checks and Balances.
They wanted to design a government that would what?	That was consistent with their political philosophy.
What did most states you to say concerning people and voting?	Most states used to say that if your in debt you can't vote.
The constitution was quiet and didn't really speak of what?	Equality.
What does unicameral mean?	One house (one chamber).
What does bicameral mean?	Two house (two chamber).
What was the Connecticut Compromise considered?	The Great Compromise.
What was the upper house and lower house?	Upper house was the Senate, the lower house was the House of Representatives.
Voting was left to who?	The states.
What was the biggest issue in the economic issues?	Money.
What was bills of attainder?	Keeping you punished without trial.
1. Government	Who the people of the United States see as "Political Authority"
2. Collective Goods	Something that benefits anybody, and everybody no matter what.
3. Politics	Opinions of many people who go through helping select leaders that they fill is the best fit for the position.
4. Political Participation	How many people are in society that attempt to try and get the men/women that they believe will pursue in their beliefs.
5. Single-issue Groups	A group/groups that are bias and go for what they believe.
6. Policymaking System	How the government fixes all the citizens needs, to satisfaction.
7. Linkage Institutions	A structure that connects all people to the government, or other authorities.
8. Policy Agenda	Concerns inside and outside the government that the people are paying a great amount of attention to.
9. Political Issue	A problem that seems to not be able to be solved that concerns all the politics.
10. Policymaking	Institutions Any institution that happens to make policies.
11. Public Policy	A attempt by government to address a public concern of many people.
12. Policy Impacts	The effect of a policy on people.
13. Democracy	Representation for people,that is free to all.
14. Majority Rule	When a election is practically ruled by which vote has the most people voting for it.
15. Minority Rights	A level that is agreed on by everybody for the rights of all people, to keep majority rule from happening.
16. Representations	Describes the relationship between all the leaders, and it's followers on a specific subject.
17. Pluralism	When many groups of shared interest impact the public policy.
18. Elitism	When the rich practically controls all the government.
19. Hyperpluralism	When there is no longer and groups with the same interest to make a impact on the public policy.
20. Policy Gridlock	When there can't exactly be a "majority rule", because of so many people going for so many different things.
21. Political Culture	When values are set and shared for a society.
22. Gross Domestic Product	The number of how many services and goods that has been produced for a nation in a year.
What is a constitution?	A nations basic law.
What else is a constitution known for?	It is also a unwritten accumulation of traditions and precedents that have established acceptable means of governing.
What does the constitution focus on?	It focuses on what the national government can and cannot do.
What does the constitution create?	It creates political institutions allocates power, and often provides guarantees to citizens.
What does the constitution impact?	It impacts lives such as the rights we enjoy, the healthcare we receive, and the taxes we pay.
A nation that prides itself on being "democratic" must evaluate what?	The constitution according to democratic standards, the core of our other theme.
What does the Constitution guarantee?	Guarantees rights, even in the face of widespread public opposition.
What can protestors engage in?	They can engage in the unpopular act of burning the flag to make a political point.
The U.S. constitution has an impact on many aspects of our everyday lives such as?	The rights we enjoy, the healthcare we receive and the taxes we pay.
Some complain that this government system produces stalemate, while others praise what?	The way in which it protects minority views.
What the declaration of independence?	The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence.
The cost of defending this territory against foreign adversaries was large, and Parliament reasoned that it was only fair if what?	If that those who were the primary beneficiaries the colonies should contribute to their own defense.
What did a committee compose of?	Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of Connecticut, and Robert Livingston of New York was formed to draft a document to justify the inevitable declaration.
The Declaration quickly became one of what?	One of the most widely quoted and revered documents in America.
The Declarations polemical aspects were also important because why?	Because the colonists needed foreign assistance to take on Britain, the most powerful nation in the world.
We study the Declaration of Independence more as a statement of what?	More as a statement of philosophy then as a political call to arms.
Natural Law could even justify what?	A challenge to the rule of a tyrannical king because it was superior to manmade law.
The colonists seemed little match for the finest army in the world, whose size was what?	Nearly quadrupled by hired guns from the German state of Hesse and elsewhere.
Despite the revolutionary ideas behind it, the Revolution was essentially a what?	A conservative movement that did not drastically alter the colonists' way of life.
The revolution did not create class conflicts that would split what?	Society for generations to come.
The Articles established a government dominated by what?	The states.
The articles established a legislature with what?	One house/One chamber.
Most authority rested with the state legislatures because what?	The new nations leaders feared that a strong central government would become as tyrannical as British Rule.
What was the provision of the Central Government?	Weak.
What was the provision of taxation?	Dependent on the states.
What was the provision of the Amendment of Articles?	Required unanimous consent.
What was the provision of National Defense?	Could raise and maintain an army and navy.
What was the provision of the Legislature?	One chamber with one vote per state.
Many states adopted bills of rights to protect freedoms, abolish religious qualifications for holding office, and what?	Liberalized requirements for voting.
There was one benefit of the Articles, however: when the nation's leaders began to write a new constitution, they could look at the provisions of the Articles of Confederation and know some of the things they should what?	Avoid.
Some of the most important issues on the policy agenda in Philadelphia concerned what?	Equality.
The citizen in Wyoming has about how much more time the representation in the Senate as does a citizen of California?	70 Times.
The senate would have how many members from each state?	Two.
Southerners were happy to see slaves counted toward what?	Determining their representation in the House of Representatives.
The Philadelphia delegates were deeply concerned about what?	About the state of the American economy.
The delegates dodged one other issue on what?	Equality.
What does tariff mean?	Tax.
The constitution also allocates to Congress power to build the what?	The nation's infrastructure by constructing post offices and roads and to establish standard weights and measures.
Paying off the debts would ensure from the outset that money would flow into the American economy and would also restore the what?	Confidence of investors in the young nation.
To be convicted a person must?	Levy war against the United States or adhere to and aid its enemies during war.
What was the Madisonian System considered?	Insulated Government.
The Framers believed that the human nature was what?	Self-interested and that inequalities of wealth were the principal source of political conflict.
Were factions of minority hard or easy to handle?	Easy to handle.
Factions of majority were easy or hard to handle?	Hard to handle.
What was the number one thing that Madison proposed to prevent tyranny?	"Place as much of the government as possible beyond the direct control of the majority.
What was the second thing that Madison proposed to prevent tyranny?	Separate the powers of the different institutions.
What was the third thing Madison proposed to prevent tyranny?	Construct a system of checks and balances.
What did Madison's scheme also provide?	A Separation of Powers.
Over the years Madison's original model has became substantially what?	Democratized.
What does status quo mean?	The way things are.
What does purse strings mean?	Controls the money.
The president checks Congress by holding veto power; Congress, in turn does what?	Holds the purse strings of the government and must approve presidential nominations.
Gridlock is a product of what?	A product of checks and balances.
What is the description of federal?	The interaction between the state and national government.
The system of checks and balances and separation of powers favors the what?	Status quo.
What does to impeach mean?	To bring charges against; trial.
Senate confirms what?	All the president nominations.
Congress can pass laws even over what?	The president's veto.
Court can declare what?	Laws.
President enforces judicial what?	Opinions.
What did Federalists like the Antifederalists didn't?	The constitution.
The constitution is what?	The oldest living constitution.
What does "living document" mean	Malleable; can be changed.
Constitution are made by what?	Formal amendments or by a number of informal processes.
What are formal amendments?	Change the letter of the Constitution.
What are informal processes?	Changing an unwritten body of tradition, practice, and procedure related to the Constitution, may change the way the constitutional system functions.
What are the "Equal Rights Amendment" (ERA)?	"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."
What kind of system does the United States have?	A two-party system (the oldest in the world).
Television influences our political agenda and guides our what?	Assessments of candidates and issues.
1803-Marbury V. Madison would be the one to resolve what?	Differences of opinion.
Political parties do what to the Constitution?	Change it.
What is Judicial review mean?	This power gives courts the right to decide whether the actions of the legislative, and executive branches of the state and national government are in accord with the constitution.
The constitution changes formally through what?	Judicial Interpretation.
What happen in the year 1973 concerning women?	Women's right to getting abortions.
Wars increase what?	Presidential Power.
Changing political practice has changed the role of the what?	Electoral College in selecting the president.
The constitution even with all 27 amendments is a short document containing fewer then what?	8,000 words.
What is the only court required by congress?	The Supreme Court.
How long has the Constitution survived?	Over 200 years.
Following the attacks of September 2001, Congress passed a broad resolution authorizing what?	The president to use force against those nations, organizations, or persons that he alone determined were involved in the attacks.
What was a great affect in the changing of the constitution?	Technology.
Who formed the electoral college?	Electors.
The Constitution sets broad rules for what?	Government and politics in America.
What is the United States considered by most people?	One of the most democratic societies in the world, few would describe the original constitution as democratic.
What did the 17th amendment provide?	It provided for direct election of senators.
What did members of eighteenth-century upper-class society generally despised what?	Democratic Government.
One of the central themes of American History is what?	The gradual democratization of the constitution.
The expansion of voting rights has done what?	Moved the American political system away from the elitist model of democracy and toward the pluralist model.
Technology has also diminished what?	The separation of the people from those who excise power.
Air travel make it easy for members of Congress to what?	To commute regularly between Washington and their districts.
What is the U.S. system of government?	Its political institutions and the rules for politics and policymaking.
It would be unconstitutional for the government to what?	To establish a state-supported church.
Constitution decentralizes power, officials usually must what?	Negotiate to pass legislation.
Separation of powers and checks and balances allows almost all groups what?	Some place in the political system where their demands for public policy can be heard.
The separation of powers and checks and balances promote what?	The politics of bargaining, compromise, and playing one institution against another.
Getting their interests on the political agenda would have been more difficult if the court what?	Had not had important constitutional power.
he system of checks and balances implies what?	That one institution is checking another.
What does the system encourage?	Stalemate.
What are the Bill of Rights and the Constitution all about?	Limiting functions.
Officeholders communicate directly with the public through what?	Television, radio, and targeted mailings.
What began as a document characterized by numerous restrictions on direct voter participation has slowly what?	Become more Democratic.
The development of political parties has fundamentally altered what?	Presidential elections.
Federal is not considered what type of government?	Federal is not a Unitary Government system.
What is the Unitary system of government?	A centralized system of government in which all power is vested in a central government.
What type of government system does most nations have today?	A Unitary System of Government.
What is a Confederate system of government?	A decentralized system of government in which a weak central government has limited power over the states.
What is a Federal system of government?	A system of government in which power is divided by a written constitution between a central government and regional governments.
The United States started as what?	Began as a confederation under the Articles of Confederation.
What is the Federal System of Government considered?	Shared.
What did the Framers agree?	The confederate system of government under the Articles of Confederation proved to be too weak to deal with the new nation's myriad problems.
What type of federal system did the Framers create?	A federal system that assigned powers to the national government while reserving other powers in the states.
What are expressed powers?	Specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution.
What does commerce mean?	Business.
What are the key expressed powers?	The power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, The power to tax and spend, and The war power.
What does the elastic clause mean?	Do what they want without reasoning.
What are implied powers implied by?	The Constitution.
What branch does the elastic clause make stronger?	The legislative branch.
What are implied powers?	Are not expressly stated in the Constitution.
The necessary and proper clause enables what?	The national government to meet problems the Framers could not anticipate.
What are inherent powers?	Derive from the fact that the United States a sovereign nation.
Who holds the reserved powers?	The states.
What does concurrent mean?	At the same time.
What are concurrent powers?	Exercised by both national and state governments.
What does concurrent powers include?	The power to tax, borrow money, and establish courts.
What does prohibited mean?	Can't.
What are prohibited powers?	Denied to the national government, state government, or both.
What does cardinal mean?	Important.
The civil was both a conflict over slavery and what?	A dispute over the relationship between the Southern states and the national government.
The civil war forcibly refuted what?	The doctrine of nullification while also confirming that the federal union is indissoluble.
What did the commerce clause help in?	The civil rights movement.
The commerce clause has played a big role in what?	In the expansion of federal power.
What is dual federalism?	A system of government in which the national and state governments remain supreme within their own spheres.
What is Dual federalism also referred to as?	A "layer cake".
What is cooperative federalism?	A system of government which the national and state governments work together to complete projects.
What is cooperative federalism also called?	Marble Cake.
What does fiscal mean?	Money.
What is fiscal federalism?	How money works in federalism.
What does fiscal federalism refer to?	Refers to the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
In 2010, state and local governments received how much money in grants?	$480 billion.
What are categorical grants?	Made for specific, carefully defined purposes.
What are block grants?	Made for a broadly defined purpose.
What does Mandatory mean?	Have to do.
What is a mandate?	A rule telling states what they most do to comply with federal guidelines.
An unfunded mandate requires state and local governments to provide what?	Services without providing resources for these services.
What devolution mean?	Refers to a movement to transfer responsibilities of governing from the federal government to state and local governments.
What are advantages?	Promotes diverse policies that encourage experimentation and creative ideas.
What is one of the disadvantages?	Promotes inequality.
What is another disadvantage?	Enables local interest.
What is the last but not least disadvantage?	Creates confusion.
What is one of the advantages?	Provides multiple power centers.
What is another advantage?	Keeps the government close to the people.
What does demographic mean?	The study of population.
What type of health care do almost all countries have?	Universal Healthcare.
What does the Legislative branch look at?	They look out the part in Obamacare where government pays healthcare and everybody has healthcare.
What debate happened in August 2009?	The debate over the public option drawing much media attention.
What type of healthcare does everybody have the right to?	Universal Healthcare.
Federal government would help pay what concerning poor people?	Healthcare.
What is Universal Healthcare?	Free healthcare to all citizens.
What does homo mean?	Same.
300 million people are in this country forming what?	A mosaic of racial, ethnic, and cultural groups.
What is the public opinion?	What most people think about politics.
When was the first census conducted?	In 1790.
Politicians and columnists commonly intone the words "the American people" and then claim what?	Their view as that of the citizenry.
What does hederogenious mean?	Nothing is the same.
What is a big challenge to democracy?	Is how complex the problems are.
The safest prediction that a public opinion analyst can make is what?	That people will be unaware of the major elements of the legislative debate going on in Washington.
In democracy people are expected to what?	To guide public policy.
What does diverse mean?	Different.
America remains what?	One of the most diverse countries in this world.
What is the most valuable tool to understanding demograph?	The census.
Most Americans view this diversity as among the what?	The most appealing aspects of their society.
What does demography mean?	The science of human populations.
What is the census?	An actual "enumeration" of the population.
The census Bureau tries to conduct what?	The most accurate count of the population possible.
800,000 people were hired to what?	To follow up with remaining 28% through door-to-door canvassing.
The census bureau notified what?	"The information the census collects helps determine more then $400 billion dollars of federal funding each year is spent on infrastructure and services.
12% of the nation's population is what?	Immigrants.
When did the Chinese exclusion act happen?	1882.
Hispanics made up the largest what?	Minority group.
What is two kinds of minorities?	Popular and cultural minorities.
What does quota mean?	A amount.
What are the five top economic minorities?	1st being Whites 63%, 2nd being Hispanics 16%, 3rd being blacks 13%, 4th being Asians 6%, 5th being native americans 2%.
What act happened in 1986?	Simpson-Mazzoli Act.
How many seats are there aloud in the House of Representatives?	No more and no less than 435.
What is political culture?	An overall set of values widely shared within the society.
Todays workers are paying social security for who?	For todays elderly.
What has an enormous implications for Social Security?	The aging of the population.
Cose predicts immigration will what?	"Will be a magnet for conflict and hostility."
How often does a census occur?	Every ten years.
Paul Ryan's recent proposal for reshaping the Social Security system carefully promised what?	Promised to keep the system unchanged for anyone over the age of 55.
What rights do all citizens have?	Liberty, Individualism, and Free economy.
What are three agents of political socialization?	The family, the media, and the schools.
Americans do most their political learning without what?	Teachers, or classes.
What process in the United States is more subtle?	Political Socialization.
Children often pick up their political learnings from where?	From the attitudes of their parents.
Governments aim their socialization efforts largely at what?	At the young..
Schooling is perhaps the most obvious intrusion of what?	The government into America's socialization.
Governments often use schools to promote what?	National loyalty and support for their basic values.
Well-socialized youths of the 1960s led the opposition to the what?	To the American regime and the war in Vietnam.
What is a lifelong activity?	Politics.
What type of participation increases with age?	Political Participation.
Voter turnout increases with what?	Age.
What else increases with age besides voter turnout?	Profanity.
What does being synical mean?	Doubtful; Not being able to trust/
Its illegal for polls to random dial what?	Cellphones.
Surveys show that many Americans lack a basic what?	A basic awareness of the world around them.
What is informed electorate?	People who can vote, and know what they are voting about.
Some analysts have noted what?	Noted that a healthy dose of public cynicism helps to keep politicians on their toes.
What is political ideology?	Your main beliefs of scope of government.
What does political ideology support?	It supports a wide scope of the central government.
What is a political ideology?	Acoherent set of values and beliefs about public policy.
What do liberals want the government to do?	Liberals want the government to step up.
What do conservatives want the government to do?	Conservatives want the government to back off.
Self interest drives what?	Both liberals and conservatives,
Groups with political clout tend to be more what?	Conservative..
The younger you are the more what you are?	Liberal.
What is the gender gap?	A regular pattern in which women are more likely to support democratic candidates.
Women are not what type of group?	A minority group.
African Americans are more what then the national average?	Liberal.
The role of religion in influencing what has also changed greatly in recent years?	Political ideology.
Ideology is determined more by what?	Religiosity.
Political ideology doesn't necessarily do what?	Guide political behavior.
22% of the voters expressed what?	No ideological or issue content in making their political evaluations.
What is the percentage of adults voted in the 2012 presidential election?	59%
What does conventional participation includes what?	Voting, trying to persuade others, ringing doorbells for a petition, running for office, and so on...
Unconventional Participation includes what?	Activities that are often dramatic, such as protesting, civil disobedience, and even violence.
What is a protest?	A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics.
Voting is the only aspect of what?	Political participation that a majority of the population reported engaging in but also the only political activity for which there is evidence of a decline in participation in recent years.
What is civil disobedience?	A form of protest.
Since when has the Gallup poll asked mostly the same questions?	Since 1992.
What is the most difficult job in the world?	The presidency.
What are the two types of campaigns in American politics?	Nomination campaigns, and election campaigns.
What is Nomination campaigns?	Garnering a party's nod as its candidate.
What is Election campaigns?	Winning a office.
What did Anthony King argue?	He argues that American politicians "are always running scared in today's perpetual campaign."
What has became a massive undertaking in today's political world?	Campaigning for any major office.
What is absolutely hard and expensive?	Campaigning.
The current American style of long and arduous campaigns has what?	Evolved from the belief of reformers that the cure for the problems of democracy is more democracy.
Some scholars believe it is important to what?	That presidential candidates go through a long and difficult trial by fire.
Given that politicians are usually too concerned with the next elect to risk what?	Fundamental change.
Many analysts argue what?	They argue that officeholders' constant worry about public opinion is good for democracy and that changes in the scope of government should not be undertaken without extensive public consultation.
Campaign process provides too much what?	Opportunity for interaction between the public and candidates for office.
What did George W. Bush's veteran political advisor writes what?..	"There are few more demanding physical activities than running for president, other than military training or athletics at a very high level."
What do some scholars worry?	They worry that the system makes it difficult for politicians with other responsibilities.
The campaign does not allow politicians what?	The luxury of trying out solutions to policy problems that might be immediately unpopular but would work well in the long run.
Does the scope of the government pretty much stay the same? Yes or no?	Yes.
What does the word incumbent mean?	The person already in office.
When is the presidential primary?	In the spring.
What are candidates picked by?	Elites.
What does EG stand for?	Electoral College.
When is the national convention?	In the summer where the parties name the candidates.
What are party bosses?	States governor or the mayor of the largest city.
What is the political elite?	Elected officials and needs of the local party organizations.
What is the national party convention?	The supreme power within each of the parties, which functions to formally select presidential and vice presidential candidates and to write the party platform.
What is the nomination game?	It whittles a large number of players down to two.
What is the campaign strategy?	The way in which candidates attempt to manipulate each of these elements to achieve the nomination.
What are the requirements to have success in the nomination?	Money, media attention, and momentum.
What is a nomination?	A party's official endorsement if a candidate for office.
What did the McGovern-Fraser Commission led to for both parties?	Primaries.
What is the McGovern Fraser?	Meeting democrats have.
What is a primary?	Liberals and Conservatives can pick their own representatives.
What are primaries about?	Personalities.
What are super delegates?	Extra votes.
When is the national convention?	In the summer.
When is the actual election?	In the fall.
What is the caucus?	The general election.
What is frontloading?	Poses two potential problems in eyes of many commentators, moving the primaries up in the election.
What was the two problems in frontloading?	1. There is a concern of rush of judgment. 2. States that held late primaries have proved to be irrelevant.
What is a primary delegate?	Somebody who votes for somebody else.
Prominent politicians find it difficult to what?	To take time out of their duties to run.
Money plays too big a role in what?	In the caucuses and primaries.
Participation in primaries and caucuses is what?	Low and unrepresentative.
What are the goals of the national convention?	Nominate party candidates, and create party platform, and energize the party.
What is a party platform?	The party's statement of its goals and policies for the next 4 years.
The word campaign originated as what?	As a military term.
What is what?	The canvas on which political strategists try to paint portraits of leadership, competence, caring, and other characteristics Americans value in presidents.
What is one way to organize a campaign?	Get a campaign manager.
What is another way to organize a campaign?	Get a fundraiser.
What is a 3rd way to organize a campaign?	Get a campaign counsel.
What is a 4th way to organize a campaign?	Hire media and campaign consultants.
What is a 5th way to organize a campaign?	Assemble a campaign staff.
What is a 6th way to organize a campaign?	Plan the logistics.
What is the 7th way to organize a campaign?	Get a research staff and policy advisers.
What is the 8th way to organize a campaign?	Hire a pollster.
What is a 9th way to organize a campaign?	Get a good press secretary.
What is the 10th way to organize a campaign?	Establish a website.
What does bipartisan mean?	Both sides.
What is independent expenditures?	Spending $$$$; pacs.
What does CFR stand for?	Campaign Finance Reform.
What is the whole point of Buckley V. Valeo?	I can spend as much money as I want to.
What is soft money?	Political Contributions.
What is the McConnell V. Federal Election Commission?	The most famous campaign finance report act; its democrat v. republican.
What does hydro mean?	Water.
What does hydra mean?	Money is going to get to politics.
What 527 groups?	Independent political groups.
What is Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission?	A 2010 landmark supreme court case.
What are 501(c) groups?	Groups that are exempted from reporting their contributions and can receive unlimited contributions.
What are super PACs rules?	1. Can't give money to candidate. 2. Can't say "vote for.....". 3. Unlimited spending.
Where does most money go while running for a election?	TV ads.
Some lawmakers support some sort of what?	Of public financing reform.
More important then having more money is what?	Having enough money.
There maybe a direct link between what and what?	Dollars spent, and votes received.
Many American officeholders feel that what?	The need for continuous fundraising distracts them from their jobs as legislators.
What is the old saying that goes with money and elections?	"Money is the mother's milk of politics."
Incumbents will not readily give up what?	The advantage they have in raising money.
It was estimated in 2008 that the contests for the presidency and Congress cost over how much?	$5 billion.
Almost all politicians figure that a good campaign is the key to what?	Victory.
Campaigns can reinforce voter's what?	Preferences.
What is selective perception?	Paying most attention to things they already agree with and interpreting events according to their own predispositions.
What is suffrage?	The right to vote.
What is very very slight that has to deal with the outcome?	The chance of one vote.
What does political efficacy mean?	Whether I think my vote counts or not.
What is civic duty?	The belief in order to support you should vote.
What is voter registration?	A system the requires voters to register before voting.
What was the little saying politicians used to say?	"Vote early and often."
What is the Motor Voter Act?	No impact on turnout; made registration easier.
Turnout for the presidential election of 2012 was virtually the same as turnout in the 1992 election before what?	The act was passed.
Many legislators have expressed their view that what?	To prevent voter fraud, each registered voter should have to prove that they are who they say they are.
Why were voter ID laws made?	To prevent voter fraud.
What does education have to do with who votes?	People with higher than average educational levels have a higher rate of voting than people with less education.
What does age have to do with who votes?	Young adults are less likely to follow politics regularly and hence often lack sufficient motivation to vote.
What does race and ethnicity have to do with who votes?	Minorities are usually underrepresented among voters relative, to their share of citizenry.
What does gender have to do with who votes?	Women are more likely to vote because they are now given the opportunity to.
What does accumulative mean?	Adding it all together.
What is mandate theory of elections?	The idea that the winning candidate has a mandate from the people to carry out his or her platforms and politics.
What are floating voters?	Goes back In forth between parties.
What is one thing that affects voters decisions?	Party.
What is the 2nd thing that affects voters decisions?	Policy.
What is the 3rd thing that affects voters decisions?	People.
Who are usually floating voters?	Young people.
What is policy voting?	"I vote based on policy."
What did the campaign repeatedly label John Kerry as?	"flip-flopper."
Policy voting is not always easy not even for who?	Even for the most educated voter.
Women see republicans as what?	Less caring.
What type of vote does not elect the president?	The popular vote.
What is the Electoral College?	A unique American institution.
What are the battleground states?	Where the polls show that the contest is likely to be closest.
Elections socialize and institutionalize what?	Political Activity
What was it that John Lennon sang?	"Power to the people."
Presidential elections have been called what?.	Permanent Elections.
The greater the policy differences between the candidates the more likely the voters will what?	Will be able to steer government policies by their choices.
Presidential candidates are skilled at appearing to say what?	Much while actually saying little.
To secure votes from each region of the country, candidates end up what?	Supporting a variety of local interests.
Elections also help what?	To increase generalized support of government and its powers.
Voters like to feel like they are sending a message to the what?	To the government to accomplish something.
What is the scope of government?	What the government should do.
The founders would probably be horrified by what?	The modern practice in which political candidates make numerous promises during nomination and election campaigns.
When people have the power to dole out electoral reward and punishment they are more likely to what?	See government as their servant instead of their master.
Elections do in fact guide what?	Public policy.
As long as politicians can take refuge in ambiguity the possibility of democratic control of policy is what?	Lessened.
Many analysts wonder if people would pay more attention to politics if it did what?	Not ask too much of them.
What is the American electoral process also known as?	The permanent campaign.
Todays campaigns clearly promote what in American politics?	Individualism.
The current system of running for office has also been know as what?	"Candidate-centered age."

Created by: 1415makaylapennington

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