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Spanish Part 3

Part 3 Writing In The Present from Intermediate Spanish For Dummies

Term	Definition
Note about gender for words	They are not specific and often have contradictions
Definite Article	Expresses "the", as well as the person or specific thing. This must agree with the noun's gender and number.
El muchacho es rubio y las muchachas son morenas.	The boy is blonde, and the girls are brunette.
Singular masculine and feminine articles	el, la
Plural masculine and feminine articles	los, las
El muchacho es grande.	The boy is big.
Los libros son interesante.	The books are interesting.
La muchacha es alta.	The girl is tall.
Las casas son blancas.	The houses are white.
El amor es divino.	Love is divine.
La tía Maria trae regalos.	Aunt Maria brings gifts.
Me gusta el español	I like Spanish.
¿Dónde está mi libro de español?	Where is my Spanish book?
Escríbame en español.	Write to me in Spanish.
Me duelen los pies	My feet hurt.
La señora Rivera está aquí.	Mrs. Rivera is here.
Siéntate, Señora Rivera	Sit down, Mrs. Rivera.
Los Gómez viven en Colombia.	The Gómez's live in Colombia.
El domingo voy a México.	We are going to Mexico on Sunday.
Hoy es miércoles.	Today is Wednesday.
No trabajo en el verano.	I don't work in the summer.
Es el cinco de mayo	It's May 5th.
Son las once y media.	It is 11:30.
Salgo por la tarde.	I am going out in the afternoon.
el Brasil	Brazil
el Canadá	Canada
el Ecuador	Ecuador
el Japón	Japan
el Paraguay	Paraguay
el Perú	Peru
El Salvador	Salvador
el Uruguay	Uruguay
la Argentina	Argentina
la China	China
La Habana	Havana
la India	India
los Estados Unidos	United States
Vistamos el Brasil.	We visited Brazil.
Vivo en los Estados Unidos.	I live in the United States.
Yo nací en El Salvador pero pasé muchos años en la Argentina.	I was born in Salvador but I spent many years in Argentina.
El Orinoco es un río	The Orinoco is a river.
Note about whether or not to use capitalized articles for countries	Capitalized articles are actually parts of the names of countries, while lowercase articles are not
El Titanic se hundió.	The Titanic sank.
Lo hizó por el bien commún.	He did it for the common good.
Decir la verdad es una virtud.	Telling the truth is a virtue.
Cuestan seis dólares la media docena.	They cost $6 for half a dozen.
Al entrar él se quitó el sombrero.	Upon entering, he removed his hat.
Note about omitting the definite article	You can do this when one noun explains another (nouns in apposition), Before numerals that express the title of rulers
Madrid, capital de España, es una ciudad popula.	Madrid, the capital of Spain, is a popular city.
Carlos Quinto	Charles The Fifth
Note about contractions with the definite articles	This happens when "a" is joined with "el": a + el = al, or de + el = del
Exception to contractions with the definite articles	The -al, or -del endings are not added with the definite articles are attached to the name itself
Vamos al Uruguay.	We are going to Uruguay.
Voy a El Salvador.	I am going to El Salvador.
Soy del Uruguay.	I am from Uruguay.
Soy del El Salvador.	I am from El Salvador.
Neuter	a word that has no gender in Spanish.
Lo	A word that can only be used as a singular. When used before an adjective, it is used as a noun to express an abstract idea or quality.
Lo normal es dormir de noche.	It is normal to sleep at night.
Lo + an adjective	This means "how"
¿Ves lo serio que es?	Do you know how serious it is?
Es increíble lo rápidamente que él corre	It's incredible how fast he runs.
Lo preceded by a (a + lo)	This means "in the manner of" or "like"
Ella habla a lo loco.	She talks like crazy.
Indefinite Article	Expresses "a", "an", or "some"
un	Singular Masculine Indefinite Article
una	Singular Feminine Indefinite Article
unos	Plural Masculine Indefinite Article
unas	Plural Feminine Indefinite Article
Compró un abrigo.	She bought an overcoat.
Es una mujer muy astuta.	She is a very astute woman.
Necesito unos limones y unas limas.	I need some lemons and some limes.
When to omit indefinite articles	Before nouns that describe nationality, profession, or religious / political affiliation. Before unmodified nouns in apposition. Before cien (100), cierto (certainly), mil (thousand), otro (other), qué (what a), semejante (similar), tal (such a).
Note about using the indefinite articles with modified nouns	Do NOT omit the indefinite article
El señor Robles es professor.	Mr. Robles is the professor.
El señor Robles es un profesor liberal. (ex of not omitting indefinite article)	Mr. Robles is a liberal professor.
Cervantes, escritor español, escribió Don Quijote.	Cervantes, a Spanish writer, wrote Don Quijote.
cien niños	one hundred dollars
ciertos idiomas	one hundred ideas
mil dólares	one thousand dollars
otra clase	another class
qué lástima	what a pity
problema semejante	a similar problem
tal cosa	such a thing
Demonstrative adjectives	Adjectives that point directly to the person, place, or thing to which a speaker is referring to. You can use them before nouns, and use them them along with adverbs to reinforce location.
este	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "this", near to speaker
esta	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "this", near to speaker
estos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "these", near to speaker
estas	Plural Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "these", near to speaker
ese	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "that", not directly concerned with speaker
esa	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "that", not directly concerned with speaker
esos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "Those", not directly concerned with speaker
esas	Plural Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "Those", not directly concerned with speaker
aquel	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "That", far from and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquella	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "That", far from and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquellos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Adjective, "Those", far from and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquellas	Plural Feminine Demonstrative Adjective, "Those", far from and not directly concerned with the speaker
Estos pantalones son cortos y esta camisa es larga.	These pants are short and this shirt is large.
Tengo que hablar con esa muchacha y esos muchachos ahí.	I have to speak to that girl and those boys there.
Aquellos países son grandes y aquellas ciudades son pequeñas	Those countries are large and those cities are small.
Este abogado y ese cliente.	This lawyer and that client.
Esta casa aquí.	This house here.
Esas casa ahí.	Those houses there.
Aquella casa allá.	That house over there.
allá	over there
ahí	there
aquí	here
Demonstrative pronoun	Pronoun that replaces an adjective + noun
éste	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "this one", near or directly concerned with the speaker
ésta	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "this one", near or directly concerned with the speaker
éstos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "these ones", near or directly concerned with the speaker
éstas	Plural Feminine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "these ones", near or directly concerned with the speaker
ése	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "that one", not directly concerned with the speaker
ésa	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "that one", not directly concerned with the speaker
ésos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "those ones", not directly concerned with the speaker
ésas	Plural Feminine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "those ones", not directly concerned with the speaker
aquél	Singular Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "that one", far and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquélla	Singular Feminine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "that one", far and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquéllos	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "those ones", far and not directly concerned with the speaker
aquéllas	Plural Masculine Demonstrative Pronoun that means "those ones", far and not directly concerned with the speaker
Mire éstos y ésta también.	Look at these ones at that, too.
Quiero ése y ésas.	I want that and those.
Aquél es viejo y aquélla es moderno.	That one is old and that one is modern.
Me gusta este coche y ésos.	I like this car and those.
Note about using aquél and éste about expressing items in a series	Use aquél to express the former item. Use éste to express the latter item.
Patricia es la hermana de Francisco; aquélla es morena y éste es rubio	Patricia is the sister of Francis; the former is brunette and the latter is blonde.
Este abogado aqui es fiel y éste lo es también.	This lawyer is proud, and so is this one.
Esas vededoras ahí son habladoras y ésas lo son también.	Those saleswomen over there are talking and so are those as well.
Esa programadora ahí son inteligente y ésa lo son también.	That programmer over there is intelligent, and that one is too.
Aquel ingeniero allá es razonable y aquél lo es también.	That engineer there is reasonable and that one is as well.
Feminine Endings to Spanish Singular Nouns	-a, -a, -ad, -ie, -ción, -sión, -ud, -umbre
Masculine Nouns That Belong To A Theme	Numbers Days of the week Compass points (el norte ('north')) Names of trees (el manzano ('apple tree')) Compound nouns (el mediodía ('noon')) Names of rivers, lakes, mountains, straits, and seas (el Mediterráneo ('the Mediterranean'))
Feminine Nouns That Belong To A Theme	Many illnesses (la gripe ('the flu'), la apendicitis ('appendicitis')) Islands and provinces (la Córsega ('Corsica'))
fiel	proud
vededoras	saleswoman
Reverse Gender Nouns	Nouns that, for example, end in -a but are masciline and others that end in -o but are feminine
el clima (masculine)	the climate
el drama (masculine)	the drama
el idioma (masculine)	the language
el poema (masculine)	the poem
el problema (masculine)	the problem
el programa (masculine)	the program
el sistema (masculine)	the system
el telegrama (masculine)	the telegram
el tema (masculine)	the theme
la mano (feminine)	the hand
la radio (feminine)	the radio
el artista, la artista (both genders)	the artist
el dentista, la dentista (both genders)	the dentist
el periodista, la periodista (both genders)	the journalist
el telefonista, la telefonista (both genders)	the operator
el modelo, la modelo	the model
el joven, la joven	the youth
el estudiante, la estudiante	the student
la personal (ALWAYS feminine)	the person
la víctima	the victim
el capital	the capital (money)
el cura	the priest
el frente	the front
el guía	the male guide
el Papa	the Pope
el policia	the police officer
la capital	the capital (country)
la cura	the cure
la frente	the forehead
la guía	the female guide, the guidebook
la papa	the potato
la policia	the police force, the police woman
Changing a masculine word its feminine form	Add a -a ending and remove any accents
el profesor --> (feminine form)	la professora
el francés --> (feminine form)	la francesa, the French woman
el alemán --> (feminine form)	el alemana, the German woman
EXCEPTION: el actor --> (feminine form)	la actriz, the actress
EXCEPTION: el perador (emperor) --> (feminine form)	la emperatriz, the empress
el duque	the duke
la duquesa	the duchess
el héroe	the hero
la heroína	the heroine
el hombre	the man
la mujer	the woman
el marido	the husband
la esposa	the wife
el príncipe	the prince
la princesa	the princess
el rey	the king
la reina	the queen
el yerno	the son-in-law
la nuera	the daughter-in-law
Note how to prevent clash of two vowel sounds	Use masculine singular article, el (un), with feminine singular nouns that begin with a stressed 'a' sound (a- or ha-) and use las (unas) for their plural forms
el agua	the water
las aguas	the waters
un alma	the soul
unas almas	the souls
el ave	the bird
las aves	the birds
un hacha	the axe
unas hachas	the axes
el hambre	the hunger
las hambres	the hungers
la pez	fish
la verdad	truth
el idioma	the language
la muchedumbre	the crowd
el yerno	the son-in-law
las serie	the series
la lección	the lesson
el planeta	the planet
el avión	the plane
el mapa	the map
la llave	the key
Note On How To Form Plurals Of Words	Add -s or -es
el mango	the mango
los mangos	the mangoes
la manzana	the apple
los manzanas	the apples
Note On How To Form Plurals Of Words Ending In A Consonant	Add a -es
el emperadores	the emperors
los reyes	the kings
Note On How To Form Plurals Of Words Ending In -n or -s	Add or delete an accent
el joven (the youth) --> (plural form)	los jóvenes (the youths)
el examen (the test) --> (plural form)	los exámenes (the tests)
la canción (the song) --> (plural form)	las canciones (the songs)
el francés (the Frenchman) --> (plural form)	los franceses (the Frenchmen)
el ingles (the Englishman) --> (plural form)	los ingleses (the Englishmen)
el limón (the lemon) --> (plural form)	los limones (the lemons)
el melón (the melon) --> (plural form)	los melones (the melons)
el melocotón (the peach) --> (plural form)	los melocotones (the peach)
Note On How To Form The Plural Form Of Words That End In -z	Change the -z to -c BEFORE adding the -es
la luz (the light) --> (plural form)	los luces (the lights)
Note On How To Form The Plural Form Of Words That End In -es or -is	They don't change their endings except for el mes (the month) --> los meses (the months)
el lunes (the Monday) --> (plural form)	los lunes (the Mondays)
la crisis (the crisis) --> (plural form)	las crisis (the crises)
Note On How To Form The Plural Form Of Compound Words	They do not change in their plural form
el abreletas (the can opener)	los abreletas (the can openers)
Note On How To Form The Plural Form Of Nouns Of Mixed Genders	Always Use The Masculine Plural Ending
el rey y la reina (the king and the queen) --> (plural form)	los reyes (the kings / queens)
el muchacho y la muchacha (the boy and the girl) --> (plural form)	los muchachos
Note On Words That Are Always Plural	las gafas (eyeglasses), las matemáticas (mathematics), las vacaciones (vacation)
Dos mujeres buscan sus gafas.	Two women look for their sunglasses.
buscar	to look for
Dos jueces hablan de las leyes.	Two judges speak of the laws.
juez	judge
de	preposition that means "of", and is used as apostrophe "s"
How To Use de To Mean Possession (apostrophe s "'s")	Place it between a noun that's possessed, and a common noun that is the possessor
Es el coche de Julio.	This is Julio's car.
Using de With A Definite Article	Place de + definite article between a noun that's possessed and a common noun representing the possessor
Tengo la abrigo de la muchacha.	I have the girl's coat.
De + el = ?	del, which means "of the", and is before a MASCULINE common noun
Necesito el libro del profesor.	I need the professor's book.
Note About If A Sentence Contains More Than One Possessor	Repeat de before each noun
Voy a la case de Roberto y de Marta.	I am going to Robert's and Marta's house.
Using de To Answer "De quién es la idea?"	Use de to indicate ownership for a specific answer
¿De quién es la idea?	Es la idea de Julia y del hermano de Julia.
Es la idea de Julia y del hermano de Julia.	It is Julia's and Julia's sister's idea.
Possessive Adjectives	Adjectives that are used before the noun that is possessed and expressed "my", "your", "his", "her", "its", "ours", "their". These also have to agree with number and gender for the noun they correspond to.
mi	Masculine / feminine singular possessive adjective, "my"
ti	Masculine / feminine singular possessive adjective, "your"
su	Masculine / feminine singular possessive adjective, "his" / "her" / "your" / "their"
nuestro	Masculine singular possessive adjective, "our"
vuestro	Masculine singular possessive adjective, "your (you all)"
nuestros	Masculine plural possessive adjective, "our"
vuestros	Masculine plural possessive adjective, "your (you all)"
nuestra	Feminine singular possessive adjective, "our"
vuestra	Feminine singular possessive adjective, "your (you all)"
nuestras	Feminine plural possessive adjective, "our"
vuestras	Feminine plural possessive adjective, "your (you all)"
Formula For Adding Definite Articles	(el, la, los, las) + the noun + de + él (ellos, ella, ellas, Ud., Uds)
Necesito su ayuda.	I need his help.
Necesito la ayuda de ella.	I need the help of the girl.
Me cepillo los dientes dos veces al dia.	I brush my teeth two times a day.
Possessive Pronoun	Noun that replaces a noun to indicate possession. "mine", "yours", "his"/"hers"/"its"/"yours", "ours", "yours(plural)", "theirs"
Tu coche y el mío son deportivos.	Your car and mine are sporty.
Tu hermana y la mía son pelirrojas.	Your sister and mine are redheads.
A tu hermano le encanta la ópera; al mío también	Your brother likes opera; mine too.
El coche de tu primo es viejo; el del mío es nuevo.	Your cousin's car is old; my cousin's is new.
mío	Masculine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "mine"
tuyo	Masculine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "yours"
suyo	Masculine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "his"/"hers"/"its"/"yours", "theirs"
nuestro	Masculine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "ours"
vuestro	Masculine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "your(you all)"
míos	Masculine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "mine"
tuyos	Masculine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "yours"
suyos	Masculine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "his"/"hers"/"its"/"yours", "theirs"
nuestros	Masculine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "ours"
vuestro	Masculine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "your(you all)"
mía	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "mine"
tuya	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "yours"
suya	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "his"/"hers"/"its"/"yours", "theirs"
nuestra	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "ours"
vuestra	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "your(you all)"
mías	Feminine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "mine"
tuya	Feminine Singular Possessive Pronoun, "yours"
suyas	Feminine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "his"/"hers"/"its"/"yours", "theirs"
nuestras	Feminine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "ours"
vuestras	Feminine Plural Possessive Pronoun, "your(you all)"
Note about using a definite article and ser ("to be")	Omit the definite article after using the verb, ser, "to be"
Este asiento es mío, no es suyo.	This seat is mine, not yours.
Mi oficina es lujosa.	My office is luxurious.
Los empleados de la Señora López son simpáticos.	Mrs. Lopez's employees are friendly.
simpáticos	friendly
Su contrato es importante.	Your contract is important.
El tuyo es más importante.	Yours is very important.
Sus ventas son elevadas.	Your sales are high.
venta	sale
elevada	high
Sus beneficios son excelentes.	Your benefits are excellent.
Los míos son estupendos.	Mine are great.
estupendos	great
Tu secretaria es prudente.	Your secretary is wise.

Created by: SamB91

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