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Prob and Stat c.1/14
ch.1,14.1,14.2, margin of error
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| variable | a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values |
| data | the values of the variables assume |
| random variable | variables whose values are determined by chance |
| data value (datum) | each value of the data set |
| probability | chance of an event occurring |
| population | consists of all subjects |
| sample | consists of only a select few of a population |
| 3 examples of how statistics is used in everyday life | fields of human endeavor, analyze the results of a survey, used as a tool in scientific research to make decisions based on controlled experiments |
| 3 reasons to study statistics | become better consumers, in your professional field, to conduct research |
| descriptive | consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data |
| inferential | consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions |
| qualitative | variables that can be placed into distinct categories (not numbers) |
| quantitative | numerical and can be ordered or ranked |
| discrete | variables that assume values that can be counted |
| continuous | variables that can assume an infinite number of values between and two specific values. (often fraction and decimals) |
| boundaries | length-15cm-14.5-15.5cm |
| nominal | gender, zip code, political party |
| ordinal | letter grades |
| interval | SAT scores |
| ratio | height, weight, area |
| two purposes for data collection | describe situations or events, help people make better decisions before acting |
| 3 ways to collect data | surveys, mailed questionnaire, personal interview |
| telephone surveys | advantage-lest costly, people are truthful disadvantages-not all people are surveyed |
| mailed questionnaire | advantage-cover wider geographic area disadvantage- low number of responses |
| personal interview | advantage-obtain in-depth responses disadvantage-more costly, interviewers may be biased |
| random sampling | generating numbers by computer |
| systematic sampling | every kth subject |
| stratified sampling | dividing population into groups then selection a couple from each group |
| cluster sampling | diving into groups then using everyone in that group |
| statistics | The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions |
| observational study | age of motorcycles |
| experimental study | types of instruction affects the number of sit-ups done |
| advantages for observational | occurs in a natural setting can be done in dangerous or unethical situations |
| advantages of experimental studies | researchers can decide how to select and group subjects researchers can control or manipulate individual variables |
| disadvantages of observational | a definite cause and effect situation cannot be determined since other factors have an effect on the results can be expensive and time consuming |
| disadvantages of experimental | may occur in unnatural settings Hawthorne Effect- subject knows that they are participating and will act differently |
| Independent variable | explanatory variable- the one that is being manipulated EX. type of instruction |
| Dependent Variable | outcome variable-resultant variable-the variable that is being studied to see if it changes due to manipulation EX. number of sit-ups |
| quasi-experimental | when random assignments are not possible-use an intact group |
| confounding variable | one that influences the results of the dependent variable but cannot be separated from the independent variable |
| biased sample | selected incorrectly an error was made in the selection |
| unbiased sample | chosen at random from a population. Representative of the whole population |
| sequential sampling | used in quality control successive units taken from the production line and sampled to ensure the product meets the standards |
| double sampling | a large population is given a questionnaire to see who meets the requirements for the study. After reviewing the questionnaire a smaller population is defined and a sample is chosen from this population |
| margin of error | 1/square root of n population |
| interval | p +/- 1/ square root of n populaiton |
Created by:
hstonestreet15
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