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Prob.Stat. Ch.1/14
Ch.1 14.1 14.2 Margin of Error
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Variable | a characteristic or attribute that can assume different |
| Data | the values the variables assume |
| Random Variable | variables whose values are determined by chance |
| Data Set | a collection of data values |
| Data Value - Datum | each value of the data set |
| Probability | the chance of an event occurring |
| Population | all the subjects that are being studied |
| Sample | a group of subjects selected from a population |
| Hypothesis Testing | decision-making process for evalutating claims about a population |
| Statisitics | the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data |
| 3 examples of how statistics is used in everyday life | gambling, sports, public health |
| 3 reasons to study statistics | Read and understand the various statistical studies performed in your fields You may be called on to conduct research in your field Can become better consumers and citizens |
| Descriptive | consists of collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data Ex. U.S. population senses |
| Inferential | generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. Ex. gambling |
| Quantitative | numerical and can be ordered or ranked Ex. age, height, weight |
| Qualitative | can be placed into distinct categories but not ranked Ex. gender, color, religion |
| Discrete | quantitative- variables that assume values that can be counted Ex. # of children, # of students |
| Continuous | quantitative- variables that can assume an infinite number values between any 2 specific values. Ex. capacity |
| Boundaries | Ex. 18 17.5 - 18.5 4.68 4.675 - 4.685 |
| Nominal | no order or rank can be imposed on the data Ex. gender, zip code |
| Ordinal | precise differences between ranks do not exist Ex. rating public speakers, rating floats (1st, 2nd, 3rd) |
| Interval | precise differences between units of measure; no meaningful zero Ex. IQ test, Temperature |
| Ratio | same as interval but with a meaningful zero Ex. height, weight |
| 2 purposes of data collection | to describe situations or events to help people make better decisions before acting |
| 3 ways to collect data | surveys, survey records, direct observation |
| Random Sampling | putting random numbers in a hat and having people pull them out randomly |
| Systematic Sampling | every fourth person being selected from a group |
| Stratified Sampling | splitting people into groups by gender and only taking 10 from each group |
| Cluster Sampling | characterizing people into 5 groups and taking all the people of 2 of these groups |
| Telephone survey | advantage-people can be more candid disadvantage- not all people can be surveyed |
| Mailed survey | advantage- can cover a wider geographic area disadvantage- low number of responses |
| Personal interview | advantage- can obtain in-depth response disadvantage- more costly |
| Observational- Examples | Age of motorcycle owners |
| Experimental- Examples | Type of instruction affects the number of sit-ups |
| Observational- advantages and disadvantages | Natural setting; can be done in dangerous situations; can be done using variable that can't be manipulated Definite cause and effect can't be found; expensive and time consuming; may have inaccuracies in measurements |
| Experimental- advantages and disadvantages | Researcher can decide how to select and group subjects; can control the manipulated variable Unnatural setting; Hawthorne Effect; Confounding variable |
| Independent Variables | the variable that is being manipulated by the researcher |
| Dependent Variables | the variable that is being studied to see if it changes due to the manipulated |
| 5 uses of statistics | To describe data; To compare two or more data sets; To determine if variables are related; To test hypothesis; To make estimates about population variances |
| 7 misuses of statistics | Suspect samples; Ambiguous averages; Changing the subject; Detached statistics; Implied connections; Misleading graph; Faulty survey |
| Things that make bad questions | Biased questions; Confusing words; Double-barreled questions; Double negatives in a question; Improper ordering of questions |
| Problems of getting random samples and systematic | being able to number the whole population |
| true vs. quasi experiments | True- sample selected randomly Quasi- using intact group because separation is not possible |
| Confounding Varibles | a variable that influences the results of dependent but cannot be separated from the independent |
| Hawthorne Effect | the subject knows that they are participating and purposely change their behavior in ways that it affects the results |
| Control Group | the group that does not receive the treatment |
| Treatment group | the group that receives specific treatment |
| Margin of Error | +/- 1/(sq rt n) |
| MoE Interval | The percent +/- the margin of error |
| Biased question | a question that leads people to respond a certain way changing the results of the study |
| Sequential Sampling | used in quality control |
| Double sampling | Giving a huge population a questionnaire to find out who is qualified for the actual study |
| Multistage sampling | uses multiple types sampling |
Created by:
ATocci96
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