Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Quiz 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two major groups of white blood cells? | Granulocytes and agranulocytes |
| What are the types of granulocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
| What are the types of agranulocytes? | Monocytes and lymphocytes |
| What are the formed elements of the blood? | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| RBCs are flattened _______ discs that lack _____ and most _________ | biconcave; nuclei; organelles |
| Platelets are derived from cells called __________ | megakaryocytes |
| Platelets mainly function in | blood clotting and repair of damaged blood vessels |
| 90% of plasma of the blood is made up of | water |
| What are the main functions of blood? | transport of substances, regulatory activities, defense activities |
| T or F: WBCs (leukocytes) contain a nucleus | True |
| Function of basophils? | enhance inflammatory response and tissue repair by releasing histamine and heparin |
| Function of eosinophils? | Attack parasitic worms; Mitigate (reduce) the effects of allergy and inflammation |
| Function of neutrophils? | attack bacteria by phagocytosis |
| What is diapedesis? | The process by which WBCs can migrate from blood vessels to surrounding tissues when activated |
| What 3 cell types are able to ingest pathogens and debris from dead cells by phagocytosis? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes |
| Lymphocytes are responsible for defenses against a specific pathogen and these activities include | direct cellular attacks (T cells) and the production of antibodies (B cells) |
| What is the hematocrit? | value that records percentage of whole blood that is composed of cells |
| Anemia is caused by? | reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity and decline in oxygen transport to cells and tissues |
| A differential white blood cell count is performed to determine | the percentages of each white blood cell type |
| Blood types are based on the presence or absence of specific glycoprotein molecules called ___________, which are located on the cell membranes of __________ | surface antigens (agglutinogens); erythrocytes (RBCs) |
| Blood plasma contains ________, which are genetically programmed to react with a specific surface antigen if it is present. | antibodies (agglutinins) |
| When an antibody and antigen reaction, the result will be | agglutination (clumping of RBCs) |
| ABO blood group is based on the presence or absence of | A and B surface antigens |
| Type A blood has surface ___ antigens and Type B blood has surface ___ antigens | A;B |
| If both surface A and B antigens are present, what blood type is it? | AB |
| If both surface A and B antigens are absent, what blood type is it? | O |
| Type A blood has anti- __ antibody, and type B blood has anti- __ antibody | Anti-B; Anti;A |
| Type AB blood has neither | anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies |
| Type O blood contains both | Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies |
| Type ____ blood is know as the universal donor because red blood cells in a donor of this blood type will not agglutinate with antibodies that might be present on recipients blood | Type O (no surface antigens, which is why no agglutination occurs) |
| Type ____ blood is know as the unversal recipient because there are no antibodies to cause agglutination | Type AB (no antibodys, no agglutination) |
| Another type of surface antigen besides the ones in the ABO system is called the | Rh factor |
| Unlike the ABO group, a person who is Rh negative does not normally produce ________ unless he or she is inadvertently exposed to Rh factor (through blood transfusion) | Anti-Rh antibodies |
| The heart is enclosed by the | pericardium (inner serous and outer fibrous portions) |
| The inner serous pericardium consists of the | parietal and visceral pericardium |
| The space between the parietal and visceral pericardium is called the | pericardial cavity |
| The heart and its surrounding pericardial activity are located within the _______ | mediastinum |
| The heart is divided into left and right sides which each contain two chambers: | superior atrium (receives blood) and inferior ventricle (discharges blood) |
| The apex of the heart is formed by the _______ | inferior tip of the left ventricle |
| The auricle extends of the main body of each | atrium |
| The coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus divides the | atria, superiorly, from the ventricles, inferiorly |
| The ___________ receives blood from the left ventricle | ascending aorta, which gives rise to the arch of the aorta |
| The aortic arch gives off three branches in the following order: | Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and left subclavian artery |
| The __________ receivers blood from the right ventricle | pulmonary trunk, which gives rise to the right and left pulmonary arteries |
| The _________ empty blood into the right atrium | inferior and superior vena cava |
| The base of the heart is at the heart's _________ and ________ aspects, and is formed by the left atrium | posterior and superior aspects |
| The posterior interventricular sulcus forms a border between the | left and right ventricles |
| The pulmonary veins empty blood into the | left atrium |
| The interatrial septum separates | the two superior atria |
| Pectinate muscles are located within the | right atrium on the anterior wall |
| The left and right ___________ pumps blood from the atrium to the ventricle | atrioventricular (AV) valves (positioned at orifice) |
| The structure that separates the two ventricles is called the | interventricular septum |
| The inferior portion of the right ventricle receives blood from right atrium. Its walls are covered by an irregular network of muscular elevations called | trabeculae carneae |
| Superiorly, the right ventricle narrows into a cone-shaped chamber called the ________, which leads to the pulmonary trunk | conus arteriosus |
| The _______ is the superior region that leads to the aorta on the left ventricle | aortic vestibule |
| The right AV valve is called the _________ and the left AV valve is called the _________ | tricuspid; bicuspid |
| __________ connect the inferior free margins of the cusps of the AV valves to ________ located on the ventricular walls. These prevent the cusps from swinging back into the atria when the ventricles contract to prevent backflow | Chordae tendineae; papillary muscles |
| The two __________ are located between each ventricle and its respective great artery | Semilunar valves |
| What are the two semilunar valves? | Pulmonary semilunar valve (between right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk) and aortic semilunar valves (between left ventricle and the aorta) |
| Semilunar valves have three cusps on them that open when | ventricles pump blood into the arteries after pressure builds up in ventricles |
| Name the three layers of the heart wall from deep to superficial | endocardium, myocardium (thickest), and epicardium (visceral pericardium) |
| The epicardium and endocardium contain what type of epithelia and what kind of other tissue? | simple squamous and serous membrane of connective tissue |
| The myocardium is composed of | cardiac muscle fibers, separated by connective tissue containing capillaries and nerves |
| Contractions of ________ are responsible for pumping action of the heart | cardiac muscle fibers |
| The right and left _________ branch off the ascending aorta just superior to the aortic semilunar valve | coronary arteries |
| The left coronary artery travels to the left side along the coronary sulcus and posterior to the pulmonary trunk. After it emerges from behind pulmonary trunk, it gives rise to two main branches: | Circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery |
| The left marginal artery arises from the ________ and descends along the _________ wall of the left ventricle | circumflex artery; posterolateral |
| The right coronary artery and the circumflex artery form an ________ (a natural connection between two blood vessels) | anastomosis |
| The right marginal artery branches off from the __________ and descends along the _______ surface of the right ventricle | right coronary artery; lateral |
| The ________ is a sac that runs along the coronary sulcus and empties into the right atrium. It drains most of the venous blood from the heart wall. | Coronary sinus |
| The __________ drain into the coronary sinus as they approach the heart | great, middle, small, and posterior cardiac veins |
| The __________ drains directly into the right atrium | anterior cardiac veins |
| The right side of the heart controls the ________ circulation while the left side of the heart controls the _______ circulation | pulmonary and systemic |
| One pumping cycle of the heart is called the _________ | cardiac cycle |
| ****what is the blood flow from the heart in the pulmonary circulation**** | Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from venae cavae, triscupid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, pump blood to left atrium |
| ****what is the blood flow from the heart in the systemic circulation**** | oxygenated blood from left atrium passes through biscuspid valve to enter left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta, oxygenated blood transported by aorta to upper extremities by aortic arch and lower by descending aorta, deO2 returns to right atrium |
| What are the great arteries (largest ones)? | aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| What is the innermost layer of blood vessels | tunica intima (contains simple squamous epithelim [endothelium] which lines lumen) |
| In the arteries, the tunica intima and tunica media have elastic layers called | internal elastic membrane and external elastic membrane, respectively |
| What is the middle layer of blood vessels | tunica media |
| What is the external layer of blood vessels | tunica externa |
| What are the three basic types of arteries? | elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles |
| What are the three types of capillaries? | continuous (least permeable, tight junctions), fenestrated (contain pores, slightly more permeable), sinusoids (most permeable, allow large proteins through) |
| Where would you find continuous capillaries, fenestrated capillaries and sinusoids? | continuous: skin, skeletal muscle, brain; fenestrated: digestive organs and endocrine glands Sinusoids: liver and spleen |
| T or F: There are basement membranes in continuous and fenestrated capillaries, but not in sinusoids | true |
| The pulmonary circuit __________, while the systemic circuit __________ | delivers deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary trunk and into lungs to be oxygenated (right side); delivers oxygenated blood to the aorta to be pumped to capillary beds then to tissues all over body(left side) |
| Deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart by the | systemic venous system |
| The brachiocephalic trunk splits into the left and right common carotid arteries and subclavian arteries. The common carotid arteries supply ________ while the subclavian artieries supply ________ | head and neck; neck and upper extremity |
| What veins empty directly into the inferior vena cava? | hepatic veins and inferior phrenic veins |
| In the hepatic portal system, blood is drained from the capillaries of the _________ organs and enters a set of veins that lead into the ___________ | digestive; hepatic portal |
| The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the superior ________ and ________ veins. It transports blood to the _______ | mesentric and splenic veins; sinusoids in the liver |
| Gastric veins, which drain blood from the _______, empty into the hepatic portal vein | stomach |
| What is the longest vein in the body? | great saphenous vein (main superficial vein in lower extremity) |
| At the termination of the great saphenous vein, the vein pierces the deep fascia at the saphenous opening and empties into the _________ vein | femoral |
| When the branches of two or more arteries with different origins form natural communications, these unions are called | anastomoses |
| Arterial branches that form an anastomosis are called _________ and the alternative blood pathways form a __________ circulation | collateral branches; collateral circulation |
| The ________, branching off the brachial artery, communicate with the _____________, originating from the ulnar artery | ulnar collateral arteries; ulnar recurrent arteries |
| The __________, a branch of the brachial artery, forms an anastomosis with the ___________, coming from the radial artery | deep brachial artery; radial recurent artery |
| A period of contraction in a heart chamber and a period of relaxation in a heart chamber are called | systole and diastole, respectively |
| What produces heart sounds ("lubb-dupp" vibrations)? | The closing of the heart valves when blood flows from one chamber to another (first one caused by closing of AV valve) |
| During artial systole | passive filling of the ventricles occurs |
| The point where the AV valves close at the end of atrial systole and the ventricular systole begins but keeps the semilunar valve closed is called | isovolumetric contraction (ALL VALVES CLOSED) |
| Ventricular ejection occurs when | ventricles pump blood into the semilunar valve |
| What are the best locations to hear heart sounds? | auscultation areas for the heart (bicuspid area, tricuspid area, aortic semilunar area, pulmonary semilunar area) |
| The maximum blood pressure when ventricular ejection occurs forcing blood into the aorta, forcing it to expand, is called. When pressure declines to minimum, this is? | systolic pressure; diastolic pressure |
| When blood pressure is measured, it is the ____________ in the _______ circulation. Usually the _______ artery is used to measure this | arterial blood pressure; systemic circulation; Brachial artery |
| The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure |
| The average pressure that drives blood through the systemic circulation is the __________ | mean arterial pressure (MAP) |
| Mean arterial pressure = | diastolic pressure + (1/3)pulse pressure |
| What is the instrument used to measure blood pressure? | spygmomanometer |
| ________ sounds are heard during systolic blood pressure | Korotkoff |
| The rhythmic expansion and recoil of the arteries is known as the | pulse |
| What is the order an action potential travels through cardiac conducting system? | Sinoatrial node (SA), Internodal pathway, atrioventricular node (AV), AV bundle, left and right bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers |
| In an ECG (electrocardiograph), the QRS complex represents the ______________, which precedes ventricular systole | depolarization of the ventricles |
| The P wave in the cardiac cycle represents | depolarization of the atria before atrial systole |
| The T wave in the cardiac cycle represents | ventricular repolarization, which occurs during ventricular diastole |
Created by:
JHaddad