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Content 5
BCBA material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Experimental Control | When a predictable change in behavior can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulations of some aspect of the individual's environment. This is the analysis dimension of the 7 dimensions of ABA |
| Behavior - 4 important elements | (DICE) Behavior is determined: occurrence of any event is determined by the functional relations it holds to other events. Behavior is individual: persons interaction with the environment groups do not behave! Behavior is continuous: changes over ti |
| 6 components of experiments in ABA | 1. at least one subject 2. at least one behavior 3. at least one setting 4. at least one treatment 5. a measurement system & ongoing analysis of data 6. An experimental design |
| Two types of experimental design | 1. Nonparametric analysis: IV is either on or off during the study (Hint - nonparametric has the word "ON" in it, so either IV is "ON" or "OFF" 2. Parametric Analysis - value of IV is manipulated, looks to discover the differential effects of a range of |
| what is a component analysis? | It looks at the effect of each part of the treatment package. |
| steady state responding | pattern of responding that exhibits very little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time. provides basic for baseline logic |
| Baseline Logic | refers to experimental reasoning inherent in single-subject experimental designs. P-Prediction, R- Replication, V-Verification each element depends on an overall experimental approach called steady state strategy |
| steady state strategy | repeated exposure of a given subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate extraneous variables that influence behavior and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing new condition. |
| 4 patterns of baseline data | D -Descending baseline A - Ascending baseline V - Variability baseline S - Stable baseline |
| 3 parts of baseline logic | P - Prediction V - Verification R - Replication |
| Affirmation of the consequent | if IV was not applied then behavior would as indicated on graph would not change experiment indicating change in behavior if IV control DV (A) then data path in the presence of the IV will show that the DV has changed (B) When the IV is present, data s |
| 5 Main Experimental Designs | (MC RAW) M - multiple baseline C - changing criterion R - Reversal A - Alternating treatment W - Withdrawal |
| Multiple baseline | staggered implementation of the intervention in a step-wise fashion across behaviors, settings, & subjects use this design when behavior is irreversible or when impractical or unethical to reverse conditions |
| 3 types of multiple baseline | 1. across behaviors 2. across settings 3. across subjects |
| 2 weaker variations | 1. multiple probe design 2. delayed multiple baseline design |
| How to demonstrate a functional relations with this design? | Functional relations requires a change in behavior with the onset of the intervention. Apply the independent variable to behavior 1 when you can confidently predict the behavior remain the same in constant conditions. if the behaviors in 2 & 3 are uncha |
| Multiple baseline across behaviors | 2 or more different behaviors of same subject. Each subject is their own control. After steady state baseline responding, independent variable is introduced to 1st behavior while others kept in baseline. |
| multiple baseline across settings | single behavior is targeted in 2 or more settings. |
| multiple baseline across subjects | 1 target behavior for 2 or more subjects in the same setting |
| 2 variations of the multiple baseline design | 1. multiple probe design 2. delayed multiple baseline design |
| multiple probe design | analyzes relation between the independent variable and acquisition of skill sequences probes provide basis for determining whether change occurred prior to intervention. |
| Delayed multiple baseline design | initial baseline and intervention begin and subsequent baselines are added in a delayed or staggered fashion They are effective when reversals are not possible, limited resources preclude a full scale design, and when new behavior, subject, or setting be |
| Guidelines for multiple baseline designs | 1. select independent, yet functionally similar baselines 2. select concurrent and plausibly related multiple baselines 3. do not apply the independent variable to next behavior too soon 4. vary significantly the lengths of multiple baselines 5. inte |
| Advantages of multiple baselines | successful intervention does not have to be removed evaluates generalization, easy to implement |
| Disadvantages of multiple baselines | NO functional relation shown effect of independent variable is demonstrated but not function of behavior Independent variable may be delayed for certain people, behavior, and/or settings, takes resources to implement properly |
| Changing criterion design | only one behavior successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment more experimental control when more vertical distance between criterion lines |
| guidelines for changing criterion designs | 1. length of phases 2. magnitude of criterion changes 3. number of criterion changes |
| Advantage of criterion designs | doesn't require a reversal of improved behavior |
| Reversal Design | researcher reverses responding to a level obtained in a previous condition initial baseline (A) intervention (B) return to baseline (A) A-B-A-B is preferred over A-B-A as stronger design most powerful in demonstrating a functional relation between e |
| 5 Variations of the A-B-A-B design | (RBMND = Red bull makes nasty drinks) R = repeated reversals B = B-A-B reversals M = multiple treatment design N = NCR reversal technique D = DRO/DRI/DRA reversal technique |
| B-A-B Reversals | B - independent variable A - independent variable removed B - independent variable reintroduced weaker than A-B-A because no assessment of the effects of the independent variable during baseline |
| Disadvantage of the B-A-B | sequence effects because of the level of behavior in A might have been influenced by the independent variable prior to it. Best if problem behavior is severe and dangerous |
| Sequence effects | effects on a subjects behavior in a given condition that are the results of the subject's experience with a prior condition |
| multiple treatment reversal | a type of design that compares 2 or more independent variables to a baseline and/or to one another |
| Non-Contingent Reinforcement (NCR) reversal technique | showing reinforcement effects by using NCR as a control condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided. |
| DRO/DRI/DRA Reversal technique | DRO, DRI,& DRA used as a control condition instead of a baseline condition in which no reinforcement is provided |
| Irreversibility | level of behavior in earlier phase cannot be reproduced even though experimental conditions are the same as they were during earlier phase. when a problem, use DRO, DRA and/or DRI as control techniques or multiple baseline design |
| Alternating Treatments Design | (SCAMM) 1. Simultaneous treatment design 2. Concurrent schedules design 3. Alternating treatment design 4. Multi element baseline design 5. Multi schedules design |
| How to demonstrate PVR in alternating treatment design | visual inspection of the differences between or among the data paths produced by each treatment. Functional relations shown when one data path is consistently higher than the other. No overlapping data paths |
| Functional Relations with this design | The degree of differential effects produced by 2 different treatments is determined by the vertical distance between the respective data paths. |
| 3 variations of alternating treatment design | 1. single phase without no treatment control (baseline) 2. single phase with one no treatment control condition - with a baseline 3. three phases with baseline and final best treatment phase (most widely used) |
| 3 problems avoided by alternating treatments design | (ISU) I - Irreversibility S - Sequence effect U - unstable data |
| Advantage of alternating treatment design | doesn't require treatment withdrawal speedy comparison. minimizes irreversibility problems. minimizes sequence effects can be used with unstable data. can be used to assess generalization of effects. intervention can start immediately - no baseline |
| Disadvantages of multiple treatment design | multiple treatment interference: multiple treatment happening at same time limited capacity of the design selection of treatments: should be significantly different from one another |
| Withdrawal | A-B-A-B effective treatment is sequentially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behavior change. reverses back to baseline |
| 2 types of validity | 1. internal validity 2. external validity |
| Internal validity | IV = IV extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the IV and not the result of an uncontrolled or unknown variable. high IV = strong experiemental control |
| 4 confounding threats to internal validity | (MISS) M = Measurement confounds: may be confounded by observer drift, reactivity, and/or observer bias I - IV confounds: IV's are complicated and given together usually S = Subject confounds: maturation changes in subjects over a course of study S = |
| Confounding variables | terms used interchangeably to refer to variables that exert an uncontrolled influence on a research study |
| Extraneous Variables | any aspect of the environment that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation |
| Confounding Variables | any uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable |
| External validity | external validity is generalizable to the external world degree to which a study's results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors replication establishes external validity |
| 2 major types of scientific replication methods used in ABA | 1. direct replication - exactly duplicates a previous study. Intrasubject - same subject used and Intersubject - different subjects used 2. Systematic replication: researcher purposely varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiement demonstrates r |
| Treatment Integrity (procedural fidelity) | IV is implemented or carried out as planned |
| Treatment Drift | when application of IV in later phases differs from the original application |
| 2 types of errors in evaluating ABA research | Type 1 error (false positive) assuming IV affected the DV when it actually did NOT do so Type 2 error (false negative) assuming the IV did NOT affect the DV, when it actually did. |
Created by:
kh1059