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Quiz 7 (13,14,15,17)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 functions of the nervous system? | reception, integration, response |
| nerves connected to the brain are called | cranial nerves |
| nerves connected to the spinal nerves are called | spinal nerves |
| Cranial and spinal nerves transmit motor info from the CNS to | effector organs |
| Different divisons of PNS? | motor (efferent) divison with motor (efferent) neurons; Sensory (afferent) division with sensory (afferent) neurons |
| Divisions of the motor (efferent) division of PNS? | Somatic nervous system (contains efferent neurons extending from CNS to skeletal muscles [voluntary actions]) and autonomic nervous system (efferent neurons extending from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands [involuntary]) |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons receive stimuli from | somatic sensory receptors that detect general sensations, visceral sensory receptors that detect sensations in internal organs, and from special sensory receptors that detect special senses (smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium) |
| Clusters of free ribosomes and the RER in neurons (nerve cells) are called | Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies |
| In the CNS, neuron cell bodies are found in | the surface layer of the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) and cerebellum (cerebellar cortex) |
| In the PNS, neuron cell bodies are organized in clusters called | Ganglia |
| What are the two types of cell processes extending from the cell body of the neuron? | Dendrites and axons |
| Dendrites receive impulses from | other neurons |
| Axons give off several collateral branches, each extending from a region called the | synaptic (axon) terminal/ synaptic knob |
| Myelin sheath is produced by ____________ and in the CNS is produced by ____________ | Schwaan cells; Oligodendrocytes |
| Small gaps in myelin sheaths of myelinated axons are called | Nodes of Ranvier |
| __________ form links between sensory and motor neurons | interneurons (association neurons) |
| Multipolar neurons make up 99% of nerve cells and include | motor neurons and interneurons |
| A small number of multipolar neurons contain only dendrites and are called | anaxonic neurons (anaxonic means "no axons") |
| Bipolar neurons contain two cell process.. | one axon and one dendrite |
| Unipolar neurons are the typical sensory neurons that transmit impulses from.. | peripheral sensory receptors to the central nervous system |
| Unipolar neurons have two branches: | peripheral branch (extends out to a sensory receptor where it gives off receptive endings) and central branch (transmits impulses to the CNS) |
| What cell type connects neurons to blood vessels and form the blood-brain barrier (which prevents passage of potential harmful substances from the blood to the brain)? | Astrocytes (CNS) |
| What cell type acts as phagocytes? | Microglial cells (CNS) |
| What cell type are modified epithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord? They facilitate the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles | Oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
| What cell type surround neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia and regulate levels of O2, CO2, and nutrients? | Satellite cells (PNS) |
| The cytoplasm of the axon is called the | Axoplasm (which contains neurofibrils and neurotubules) |
| the ________ is the part of a synpase that seprates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes | synaptic cleft |
| The synaptic terminal (synaptic knob) contains | mitochondria and secretory vesicles filled with neurotransmitters |
| The presynaptic membrane is the cell membrane located at the | end of the synaptic terminal |
| The postsynapatic membrane is the cell membrane located | adjacent to the synaptic cleft |
| The process of transport of materials from the cell body to the axon terminals is known as | axoplasmic transport (occurs in neuron's cytoskeleton) |
| The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres and each cerebral hemisphere has two types of nervous tissue: | gray matter and white matter |
| Gray matter consists of _______ while white matter consists of ________ | nerve cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and glial cells (located at cerebral cortex); Myelinated axons and glial cells |
| Bundles of axons in the ________ form fiber tracts that connect various brain regions | white matter |
| White matter is deep or superior to the gray matter? | deep |
| The cerebellum consists of two cerebellar hemispheres and each hemisphere contains | a surface layer of gray matter, the cerebellar cortex, and a deep region of white matter called the arbor vitae |
| Cerebellar nuclei are additional regions of gray matter in the cerebellum found where? | Deep to the arbor vitae (deep region of white matter in cerebellum) |
| In the cerebellum, the superficial molecular layer contains | interneurons that interconnect the other neurons in the cerebellar cortex |
| In the cerebellum, the __________ layer is occupied by large mulitpolar neurons whose axons serve as a major output channel, transmitting information from the cortex to deeper cerebellar nuclei | purkinje cell layer (middle layer) |
| In the cerebellum, the deep ___________ includes neurons that receive most of the information coming to the cerebellum from other brain areas | granular layer |
| Unlike the cerebrum and cerebellum in the brain, the spinal cord lacks a cortical layer of ________. Instead, all the __________ is deep and completely surrounded by the more superficial white matter | gray matter |
| On gray matter of the spinal cord, the posterior horn _______ and the anterior horn _________ | receives sensory fibers from spinal nerves; Contains the cell bodies of lower motor neurons. They are multipolar cells that contribute motor fibers to spinal nerves |
| On gray matter of the spinal cord, the lateral horns | contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons (restricted to thoracic and lumbar spinal cord levels) |
| The ___________ of the spinal cord is a narrow band of tissue that connects the gray matter on each side. The nerve fibers of interneurons pass through this area to relay impulses from one side of the cord to the other. | Gray commissure |
| The ________, which contains cerebrospinal fluid, passes through the gray commissure | central canal |
| On each side of the spinal cord, the white matter is divided into three columns called | funiculi (posterior, lateral, and anterior) |
| The white matter of the spinal cord contains two types of fiber tracts that connect the spinal cord and the brain: | The ascending tracts (transmit sensory information) and the descending tracts (convey motor information) |
| Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a _______ and a ________ | ventral root (contains motor nerve fibers traveling from anterior and lateral horns of spinal cord to spinal nerve) and dorsal nerve (sensory nerve fibers traveling from a spinal nerve to the posterior horn of the spinal cord) |
| What is the layer that surrounds the entire peripheral nerve? | epineurium |
| What is the layer that surrounds each nerve fascicle in the peripheral nerves? | perineurium |
| Actions potentials that skip from node to node of the myelinated axons is called | saltatory propagation |
| Functions of cerebrum? | responsible for our ability to receive and interpret sensations, understand and form intellectual thoughts, store memory, develop emotion and personality, and initiate voluntary motor activities |
| Each cerebral hemisphere contains 5 lobes: | parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, insula (deep to temporal) |
| The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called | corpus callosum |
| In the cerebrum, deep to the cortex is white matter. The white matter contains myelinated fiber tracts that connect: | cerebral regions within the same hemisphere (association fibers), cerebral regions from both hemispheres (commissural fibers), and cerebrum with other parts of brain (projection fibers) |
| The __________ are regions of gray matter deep within the cerebral hemispheres | basal nuclei |
| The cerebrum is found in what region of the brain? | telencephalon |
| The hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland are all located in what part of the brain? | diencephalon |
| What part of the brain is the cerebellum and pons located in? | metencephalon |
| The medulla oblongata is located in what part of the brain? | myelencephalon |
| Nearly all incoming information to the cerebral cortex first passes through | the thalamus (which serves as a sensory relay station and has important roles in regulating motor activities, emotions, learning, memory, and visceral functions) |
| The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland by the | infundibulum |
| The pineal gland is found _______ to the thalamus | posterior |
| The cerebellum is _______ to the brainstem and ________ to the occipital lobe of the cerebrum | posterior; inferior |
| The cerebellum is linked to other regions of the brain and the spinal cord by three pairs of nerve fiber tracts known as ____________ | cerebellar peduncles (which is the pathway for information to enter the cerebellum from sensory receptors in skeletal muscles and joints that keep it informed of the current body position) |
| The brainstem consists of three parts: | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| The cerebral peduncles contain both motor and sensory pathways that connect the ________ and ________ to other regions in the brain and to the spinal cord | cerebrum and thalamus |
| On the posterior surface of the brainstem are mounds called _______________ | corpa quadrigemina (superior colliculi are centers for visual reflexes) (inferior colliculi are centers for auditory reflexes) |
| The brain and spinal cord are covered by three connective tissue layers: | dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (these layers together are known as the meninges) |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves originate from the nervous tissue of the brain? | 12 |
| The vagus nerve supplies organs in the | thorax and abdomen |
| If you try to remove the dura mater from the inferior surface of the brain, you might damage what? | the two optic nerves (cranial nerve II) and the optic chiasm (where some nerve fibers from each optic nerve cross over to the opposite side) |
| The pons contains fiber tracts that connect the ___________________ | cerebrum to the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord |
| The cribriform plate transmit the | olfactory (I) nerves (sensory) |
| Traveling between the colliculi and cerebral peduncle is the ___________, a passageway that connects the third and fourth ventricles | cerebral aqueduct |
| The walls of the brain ventricles are lined by _________ | ependymal cells (type of glial cell) [CNS] |
| The optic canal transmits the | optic (II) nerve (sensory) |
| Function of oculomotor (III) nerve | Eye movements; pupil control (motor) |
| function of trochlear (IV) nerve | Eye movements (motor) |
| function of trigeminal (V) nerve | facial sensation/mastication (mixed) |
| Function of abducens (VI) nerve | eye movements (motor) |
| function of facial (VII) nerve | facial expression/anterior tongue gustation (mixed) |
| function of vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve | Balance and equilibrium/auditory (sensory) |
| Function of glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve | posterior tongue gustation/ pharyngeal sense/ carotid sinus sense (mixed) |
| function of vagus (X) nerve | Autonomic control of abdominal viscera/degluttition (mixed) |
| function of accessory (XI) nerve | shoulder and neck muscles (motor) |
| function of hypoglossal (XII) nerve | tongue movements (motor) |
| Bony opening for optic (II) nerve | optic canal |
| bony opening for Oculomotor (III) nerve, trochlear (IV), ophthalamic division of trigeminal (V) nerve, and abducens (VI) nerve | superior orbital fissue |
| bony opening for maxillary divison of trigeminal (V) nerve | foramen rotundum |
| bony opening for facial (VII) nerve, and vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve | internal acoustic meatus |
| Bony opening for mandibular divison of trigeminal (V) nerve | foramen ovale |
| bony opening for Facial (VII) nerve | stylomastoid foramen |
| bony opening for glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve, vagus (X) nerve, and accessory (XI) nerve | Jugular foramen |
| Bony opening for hypoglossal (XII) nerve | hypoglossal canal |
| the spinal cord begins at the ________ and ends at or neat the __________ | foramen magnum of skull; conus medullaris |
| The diameter of the spinal cord is greater in the _________ regions | cervical and lumbar regions |
| The spinal nerves are identified according to the spinal cord segment they originate from. They are all classified as mixed nerves because | they contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibers |
| Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of | a dorsal root and a ventral root |
| The spianl cord is protected by the same three meningeal layers of the brain: | the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater |
| The Subarachnoid space, between the ______ and _______, is filled with _________ | arachnoid mater and pia mater; cerebrospinal fluid |
| What are the two special features of the pia mater that serve to secure the spinal cord in its position? | filum terminale (inferiorly from termination of spinal cord) and the denticulate ligaments (lateral extensions that connect the spinal cord along its entire length to the dura mater) |
| The dorsal (afferent) root. The dorsal root ganglion, found inside the dorsal root, contains the cell bodies of | transmits sensory fibers from the spinal nerve to the posterior horn of the spinal cord; Unipolar sensory neurons |
| The ventral root | transmits motor fibers from the spinal cord to a spinal nerve |
| Soon after spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramina, they divide into several branches (rami). The dorsal primary rami supply the ________, and the ventral primary rami supply ________ | deep back muscles and skin on the dorsal surface of trunk; all structures of the extremities, the skin along the lateral and ventral surface of the trunk, and all skeletal muscles except the deep back muscles |
| The ventral rami form complex netwrosk so that the emerging peripheral nerves contain components from several spinal nerves. Each of these nerve networks is called a | plexus |
| The ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves do not | form plexuses. These nerve supply the structures in the intercostal spaces and are called intercostal nerves |
| What does the lumbar plexus (L1-L4) supply to? | Anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of lower extremity |
| What does the sacral plexus (L4-L5; S1-S4) supply to? | The buttocks, perineum, and part of lower extremity |
| What does the brachial plexus (C5-C8; T1) supply to? | All structures of upper extremities |
| Where does the coccygeal nerve arise from? | Sacral plexus (distrubted throughout back to the coccyx) |
Created by:
JHaddad