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OAT - Chem
Chapter 8 - Phases and Phase Changes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Condensed Phases | liquids and solids |
| Liquids | have def volumes, can't be expanded/compressed, disorder, molecules can evaporate and diffuse |
| Solutions | liquids can mix to form ____ |
| Miscibility | degree to which two liquids can mix |
| Emulsion | when two immiscible liquids are shaken to make a homogeneous mixture |
| Solids | strong attractive forces, molecules held tightly together, vibrate about fixed positions, dense shape/volume, crystalline or amorphous |
| Crystalline | an ordered structure; 3-D geometric arrangement with repeating patterns |
| Amorphous | like glass; no 3-D arrangement |
| 2 types of crystalline | metallic and ionic crystals |
| Ionic Crystals | high bp and mp, poor conductivity, no discrete molecules, aggregates of ions |
| Metallic Crystals | metal atoms packed tightly, single element, high mp and bp, strong covalent bonds |
| Unit Cells | 3 types, simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic |
| Evaporation/Vaporization | liquid to gas; a cooling process |
| Condensation | gas to liquid; pressure forces gas molecules back into liquid phase |
| Vapor Pressure | equilibrium reached btwn vaporization and condensation. rates are equal |
| boiling point | temp at which the vapor pressure equals the external pressure |
| Fusion/Melting | solid to liquid; occurs at melting point |
| solidification/crystallization/freezing | liquid to solid; occurs at freezing point |
| Sublimation | solid to gas directly; dry ice |
| Deposition | gas to solid directly |
| Gibbs Function | G must be zero for an equilibrium so for sublimation, Gs=Gg |
| Triple Point | point on phase diagram where all three phases are in equilibrium |
| Critical Point | Point B where the temp and P causes there to be no distinction btwn liquid and gas |
| Raoult's Law | one can determine the relationship btwn vapor pressure of vapor A and concentration of liquid A in soln |
| Freezing-Point Depression | Tf= Kf(m); m is molality |
| molality | mol solute/kg solvent |
| Boiling-Point Elevation | Tb = Kb(m) |
| Osmotic Pressure | pressure exerted to counterbalance tendency of water to flow across membrane; high to low concentration; = MRT, M is molarity |
| Molarity | M; mol/L (n/V) |
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