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Food Chain - what is it and what does it show us?
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Science 8 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | The study of how organisms act with their environment |
| Food Chain - what is it and what does it show us? | One way energy can move from organism to organism. It shows the transfer of energy and the direction of the energy transfer |
| How is a food web different from a food chain? | A food web shows all the possible pathways energy can be transferred across organisms while a food chain only shows one. |
| Who are the Producers? | plants |
| Who are the primary consumers? (what kind of eater?) | herbivores |
| Who are the secondary consumers? (what kind of eater?) | omnivores/carnivores |
| Who are the tertiary consumers? (what kind of eater?) | carnivores |
| What is another name for producer? | Autotroph |
| Who are the decomposers and what role do they play? | Fungi and bacteria. Feed on dead plants and animals; they recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. |
| Why aren't decomposers shown in the food web? | Their job is inferred. |
| What is the role of the sun in food chains? | To provide energy to the producers which give energy to all the other organisms that eat them. |
| What is the difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton? | Zooplankton = animal; phytoplankton = plant |
| Predator/prey -- what is the relationship, give an example | predator hunts prey for food. prey is the predator's food. ex: hawk and mouse |
| competition - | the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource. Ex: trees in a forest competing for space or light |
| commensalism | type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other one neither helped nor harmed. Example: red-tailed hawk and cactus (saguaro) |
| mutualism | type of symbiotic relationship where both species benefit (ex: dog and person) |
| parasitism | type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed. ex: dog and fleas |
| symbiosis | a close relationship between two organisms of different species that benefits at least one of the organisms |
| How much energy is lost as you go from one level to the next in a energy pyramid? | about 90% |
| Which level of an energy pyramid contains the most energy and the largest number of organisms? | producer level at the bottom |
| Explain the competitive exclusion principle | No organism can occupy the same niche as another one. |
| What is the difference between a habitat and a niche? | habitat = address; niche = job |
| biotic versus abiotic factors | biotic is living and abiotic is not living parts of an organism's habitat |
| other names for invasive species | alien, exotic, non-indegenous, non-native species |
| give 2 examples of invasive species and how they hurt the ecosystem | Rats brought to New Zealand by the Maori decimated the flightless bird population. Sparrows introduced to eat insects off of grain in NZ displaced native birds |
| why are invasive species so successful? | Reproduce quickly and they are hard to stop because there are no natural defenses for the native species |
| How can we stop the effects of invasive species? | laws prohibiting importation of non-native species of plants and animals. |
| Give the order from least complex to most complex classification: | organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
| hibernation and estivation - how are they alike? How are they different? | Both are periods of time when an organism has very low level of activity. Hibernation = cold temperatures/weather, Estivation = hot weather |
| Is a frog endothermic or ectothermic? How about a human? | frog: ectothermic; human: endothermic |
| Type of worm reproduction | external sexual |
| Type of frog reproduction | external sexual |
| amplexus | firm embrace during sexual reproduction for frogs. Increases the likelihood eggs will be fertilized |
| Where do frogs lay eggs and why? | Near the water, because they have to be moist. |
| Worm kingdom and phylum | animalia, annilida |
| Frog kingdom, phylum, subphylum, class | animalia, chortata, vertebrata, amphibia |
| How many chambers in the frog heart? | 3 |
| How many chambers in a tadpole or fish heart? | 2 |
| How many chambers in a mammal heart? | 4 |
| How many hearts does a worm have? | 5 |
| What does amphibian mean | double life |
| A frog's tongue is use for ____________ and it is attached _________. | catching bugs; attached in the front of the mouth |
| Site of the first chemical digestion in a frog | stomach |
| Where digestion begins in a worm | crop |
| Largest organ in a frog | liver |
| vertebrates | animals that have a backbone |
| What is the difference between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton? | Exoskeleton is the external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body. Endoskeleton is an internal support structure of an animal. |
| Which organs do frogs us for gas exchange | skin, lungs, roof of mouth |
| which organs do tadpoles use for gas exchange | gills |
| which organs do earthworms use for gas exchange | skin |
| what common body part do worms live without? | eyes |
| what does the prostomium do for the worm? | senses light touch; it hangs over the mouth |
| how does a frog attract a mate | Male Frogs needs to have a well defined territory and defend it from other males. They use loud voices to warn other frogs that a territory is taken. Females are attracted to the loudest voices (made by filling lungs with air). |
| Difference between direct and indirect development | Indirect development involves metamorphosis but direct does not. |
| What is metamorphosis? What controls it? | change of structure or shape, particularly, transition from one developmental stage to another, as from larva to adult form. Controlled by thyroid hormones in frogs. |
| Do frogs chew their food? What kind of teeth do they have? What are their function? | No. Volmerine and maxillary teeth. Hold their food in place. |
| What does the nictitating membrane protect in a frog? | eyes |
| What is the thick ring towards the front of the worm called and what is its function? | Clitellum; makes mucus for reproduction to protect egg |
| Where would you find the dorsal blood vessel in a worm? | On top of the intestine (worm's back/top) |
| What is the name of the hair-like structures that aid an earthworm in movement? | setae |
| What grinds up the food in the earthworm? | Gizzard |
| What stores the food before it gets to the place for grinding? | Crop |
| What does the term nocturnal mean? | Active during the night and rests during the day. |
| What is counter-shading? | form of camouflage. Countershading is the pattern of animal coloration in which an animal’s pigmentation is darker on the upper side (dorsal) and lighter on the underside (ventral) of the body. |
| What is the main source of an earthworm's nutrition? Of a frog's nutrition? | Below ground, raw dirt; above ground, almost any organic material. Frog: bugs (moving prey) |
| What acts like a skeleton in the worm? | Septa |
| Do earthworms have testes or ovaries? What do we call this? | They have both. They are hermaphrodites. |
| What is the longest organ in the earthworm? | intestine |
| What type of circulatory system does the human have? The frog? The worm? | closed; closed; closed |
| What is the role of the earthworm in our environment? | 1. breakdown dead organic matter, releasing nutrients for plants; 2. mix soil layers which improves fertility of soil; 3. source of food for other animals; 4. More helpful bacteria & fungi where EWs are |
| 3 types of symmetry | bilateral, radial, asymmetry |
| What type of symmetry does a frog show? | bilateral |
| What type of symmetry does a sponge show? | asymmetric |
| What type of symmetry does a starfish show? | radial |
| producers | organisms that absorb the sun's energy to give to plant that eat it. |
| consumers | organisms that eat other organisms for energy |
| predation | the relationship between two organisms where one hunts the other for food |
| competition | the struggle between organisms to survive as they attempt to use the same limited resource |
| commensalism | a relationship between 2 species where one is helped and the other is not helped nor harmed |
| mutualism | a relationship between two species where they both benefit |
| parasitism | a relationship between 2 species where one is helped and the other is harmed |
| scavenger | a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms |
| decomposer | an organism that bread down chemicals from wastes and dead organisms and returns important materials to the soil and water |
| esophagus | a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
| stomach | a j-shaped muscular pouch located in the abdomen |
| small intestine | the part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place |
| liver | the body's largest organ; it produces bile, breaks down medicines, and helps eliminate nitrogen from the body |
| coelum | the main body cavity in most multicellular animals and is positioned inside the body to surround and contain the digestive tract and other organs |
| large intestine | the last section of the digestive system where water is absorbed into the blood and the remaining material is eliminated from the body |
| cloaca | in vertebrates, common chamber and outlet into which the intestinal, urinary, and genital tracts open |
| spleen | located in the upper left part of the abdomen under the ribcage. Works as part of the lymphatic system to protect the body, clearing worn-out red blood cells and other foreign bodies from the bloodstream to help fight off infection. |
| gall bladder | the organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver |
| pancreas | triangular organ that lies between the stomach and the small intestine. produces digestive enzymes and insulin |
| lungs | organs found in air breathing vertebrates that exchange oxygen and carbon-dioxide with the blood. |
| heart | a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body |
| kidneys | major organs of the excretory system that remove urea and other wastes from the blood |
| amplexus | a firm embrace between 2 frogs during sex. This increases the chances of fertilization |
| indirect development | a type of development that involves metamorphosis from larva to a sexually mature adult. |
| dorsal | relating to or situated near or on the back |
| ventral | of or relating to the belly -- abdominal |
| anterior | situated near or toward the head |
| posterior | or or near the hind end. |
Created by:
lblumberg