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chapter 33
principles of pharmacology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | is the study of broad science of the origin, nature, chemistry, effects, and uses of drugs. |
| clinical pharmacology | is the study of biologic effects of a drug used as a medical treatment/actions of a drug in the body over time, rate at which it is absorbed by the body tissues: where it is distributed or localized in the tissues; the route by which it is excreted; |
| FDA | food and drug administration |
| FDA regulates | the development and sale of all prescription and OTC drugs. |
| all new medication | must gain FDA approval before the drug can be sold. |
| The original manufacturer of a drug | is awarded a copyright protection on their chemical compound for 17 years; this means that during the 17-year period other pharmaceutical companies cannot produce generic copies of the drug |
| Generic drug must meet the following standard | same active ingredient, labeled strength, route of administration and dosage form (e.g. tablet patches) |
| drug enforcement administration | DEA |
| DEA | is a federal law enforcement agency responsible for controlling narcotics, investigating the illegal sale of dangerous substances and preventing drug abuse through public education |
| Federal trade commission | FTC |
| FTC | regulates the advertising of the OTC preparations. |
| Controlled substance act | CSA |
| According to the CSA | stated any drug or substance that has the potential for illegal use and abuse must be placed on the controlled substance list (according to the guidelines set forth in the CSA controlled substances are divided into five sections or schedules. |
| Schedule I | not accepted for medical use (high potential for abuse\ possession of these drugs is illegal) heroin, LSD, weed, Quaalude, PCP, ecstasy and GHB. |
| schedule II | accepted for medical use but with severe restriction (high potential for abuse) Morphine, opium, Ritalin, Demerol, oxycodone and fentanyl. |
| schedule III | accepted for medical use potential for abuse less than schedule I or II drugs (may cause moderate to low physical dependence ) paregoric, Tylenol with codeine, vicodin and empirin. |
| schedule IV | accepted for medical use low potential for abuse (equanil, Librium, diazepam and Darvon) |
| schedule V | accepted for medical use low potential for abuse (Robitussin A-C, pectin, lomotil and donnagel) |
| Every physician who prescribes or has controlled substances on site must register with the DEA for controlled substance registration certificate. | the physician receives a specific DEA registration number that must be included on all controlled substances prescriptions. That certification number must be renew every 3 years and is specific to a particular site of practice. |
| Therefore if the physician dispenses or prescribes scheduled drugs | at more than one site a DEA registration number must be obtained for each site. |
| Depending on the schedule to drug which the prescribed controlled substance is assigned. | the symbols C-II, C-III, C-IV, and C-V are used to indicate the specific schedule on the label when dispensed by pharmacy. |
| Any drug from aspirin to alcohol | can be misused or abused. |
| drug misuse | is the improper use of common drugs that can lead to dependence or toxicity. |
| example is laxative, nasal decongestants sprays and those who take many antacids | that they suffer systemic metabolic alkalosis. |
| drug abuse | is the continuous or periodic self- administration of drug that could result in addiction. (physical dependence) |
| drug dependence | is inability to function unless under the influence of a substance and it may be wither psychological or physical. |
| psychological dependency | is the compulsive craving for the effects of a substance. |
| habituation | is a mild form of physical dependency or addiction is a persons need to use a substance continuously so that the body can function/ prevent physical discomfort. |
| a drug may have up to 3 names | chemical, generic and trade name |
| anti | is against |
| Para sympathomimetic and cholinesterase inhibitor | describe the pharmacologic action rather than the therapeutic use. |
| Physicians desk reference | PDR |
| PDR | is a drug reference book, the book sections are color coded, you start with the usage classification generic name manufacturers name or trade name of a drug or what the drug look lik a special photographic section enables visual identification of products |
| manufacturers index | white pages |
| brand and generic index | pink pages |
| product category index | blue pages |
| product identification section | gray pages shows actual size and illustration |
| general and diagnostic product | white pages tells the uses of these products |
| there is a separate PDR volume | of the physicians desk reference for non-prescription drugs (OTC) =available to the public for self- medication. |
| The PDR list the drug information in sequence | action, indication, contraindications, precautions, adverse reactions. |
| Adverse reactions | include hypersensitivity which causes an allergic reaction |
| idiosyncrasy | unexplained unusual response to drug |
| The U.S Pharmacopeia/ national formulary | USP/NF |
| USP/NF | is the official source of drug standard for the united states. The pharmacopeia was combined with national formulary, which lists the chemical formula for all accepted drugs |
| the study of pharmacology is difficult to learn about drugs | first study the uses of drugs, second drug classification and third drugs primary action and use. |
| drugs are dispensed in two ways | OTC and prescription |
| Diagnostic | determines the cause of a health problem |
| palliative | drug does not cure but provides relief from pain or symptoms (allergy, pain and cold) |
| prophylactic | prevents occurrence of a condition (vaccines) |
| replacement | provides substance needed to maintain health (insulin) |
| therapeutic | treat and cures a disorder (antibiotics cure a bacterial infections) |
| the six parts of a prescription | superscripto, inscription, subscription, signature, refill information, physician signature |
| superscripto | pts name and addy date and symbol Rx. |
| Rx | latin word recipe, meaning intake. |
| Inscription | name of drug dosage form and strength |
| subscription | directins for the pharmacist size of each dose, amount to be dispensed form of the drug (tablets, capsules) |
| signature | direction for the pt usually proceeded by the symbol sig. where the Dr indicates the instructions to tell the pt how when and what quantities to uses for the medication. |
| sig | latin word meaning mark |
| refill information | how many times you can get the medication refill |
| physician signature | must have physicians manual sign, as well as his DEA registration number wen indicated. |
| the joint commission | TJC |
| pharmacokinetics | is the study of the movement of drugs throughout the body. |
| four basic actions occurs when a drug is taken | absorption distribution metabolism and excretion |
| onset of a drugs activity (when the drug action starts) | when the effects of the drug are likely to peak, minimum amt of the drug needed to bring about the desired affect (therapeutic dose and the duration of a drug activity |
| drug absorption | rate which drugs are absorbed from the site of administration into the bloodstream |
| factors that affect absorption of a drug | ability of the drug to dissolve, characteristics of the meds concentration of the dose and the route of administration |
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sno413