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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones does the vertebral column consist of in early life? | 33 |
| How many vertebrae are termed cervical vertebrae? | 7 |
| How many vertebrae are termed thoracic vertebrae? | 12 |
| How many vertebrae are termed lumbar vertebrae? | 5 |
| How many bones does the vertebral column consist of in adult life? | 26 |
| What is the name of the thoracic curve that concaves anteriorly? | Kyphotic |
| What is the name of the cervical curve that is convex anteriorly? | Lordotic |
| The lumbar and pelvic curves join at an obtuse angle termed? | Lumbosacral angle |
| What are the thoracic and pelvic curves called at birth? | Primary |
| What are the cervical and lumbar curves called after birth? | Compensatory/ Secondary |
| At what age does the lumbar curve begin to develop? | 1 to 1.5 years |
| The cervical curve develops when an infant is what age? | 3-4months |
| Any abnormal increase in the anterior concavity of the thoracic curve is termed? | Kyphosis |
| Any abnormal increase in the anterior convexity of the lumbar or cervical curve is termed? | Lordosis |
| An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is termed? | Scoliosis |
| The anterior mass of bone that partly composes a typical vertebrae? | Body |
| The posterior ring like portion of a typical vertebrae is? | Vertebral Arch |
| The vertebral body and arch enclose a space called the? | Vertebral Foramen |
| In the articulated column, the vertebral foramina form? | Vertebral Canal |
| The superior and inferior surfaces of the bodies on a typical vertebra are flattened and covered by a thin plate of? | Articular Cartilage |
| The central mass of an intervertebral disk is called? | Nucleus Pulposus |
| The outer portion of an intervertebral disk is called? | Annulus Fibrosus |
| What is HNP? | A slipped disk. Rupture of the purposus into the vertebral canal impinging on a spinal nerve |
| Short, thick processes that project posteriorly from the vertebral bodies? | Pedicles |
| What are vertebral notches? | The concave superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicles |
| What forms intervertebral foramina? | Superior and inferior articulations of vertebral notches |
| What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramen? | Transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels |
| The broad, flat portion of a vertebra that is directed posteriorly and medically from the pedicles? | Lamina |
| The part of a vertebra that projects laterally and slightly posteriorly from the junction of the laminae? | Transverse Process |
| The part of the vertebra that projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae in the posterior midline? | Spinous process |
| What is Spina Bifida? | A defect of the vertebral column in which the laminae fail to unite posteriorly at the midline. |
| What is another name for the first cervical vertebrae? | Atlas |
| What is a ore name for the second cervical vertebrae? | Axis |
| What is the purpose of the shape of the superior processes of the atlas? | Articulation with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the cranium |
| At the level of C1 | Mastoid Tip |
| At the level of C2, C3 | Gonion |
| At the level of C3, C4 | Hyoid Bone |
| At the level of C5 | Thyroid Cartilage |
| At the level of C7, T1 | Vertebra Prominens |
| At the level of T2, T3 | Jugular notch |
| At the level of T4, T5 | Sternal Angle |
| At the level of T7 | Inferior Angles of Scapulae |
| At the level of T9, T10 | Xiphoid Process |
| At the level of L2, L3 | Inferior Costal Margin |
| At the level of L4, L5 | Illiac Crests |
| At the level of S1, S2 | ASIS |
| At the level of Coccyx | Pubic Symphysis and greater trochanters |
| What is the articulation between a superior and inferior articular process? | Z Joint |
| What are formed by the superior and inferior notches of the vertebrae when stacked consecutively? | Intervertebral Foramina |
| The thyroid cartilage which corresponds to the level of C4 – C6 is also commonly referred to as? | Adam's Apple |
| The distal most portion of the sternum is known as? | Xiphoid Process |
| What distinct characteristics do the thoracic vertebrae have? | Facets for ribs |
| The cervical spine is said to have what type of natural curve? | Convex |
| Which joints are formed when you overlap to superior into inferior articular processes? | Z joint |
| On a cervical spine x-ray the Z joints can best be visualized on? | Lateral |
| What is the required angle for an AP Axial of the cervical spine? | 15-20 degrees cephalic |
| Which projection would best demonstrate the Z joint and the dens process? | OpenMouth |
| How should a scoliosis series be done? | Erect |
| This comminuted avulsion fracture of the vertebral body in which the fragments fall into the spinal canal is known as a? | Tear drop burst fx |
| A lateral cervical Spine should be taken at? | 72" SID |
| Which lateral projection would be best to visualize the cervicothoracic anatomy? | Swimmer's View |
| What type of angle should be used for posterior obliques of the cervical spine? | 15 degrees cephalic |
| Which position would best demonstrate the right Z Joints of the thoracic spine? | LPO |
| Which part of spine requires a 20° reduction from a true lateral for it to view the Z Joints? | Thoracic |
| How many thoracic vertebrae should be visualized on AP projection of the thoracic spine? | 12 |
| The failure of laminate uniting to form the spinous process of the vertebrae and possibly allowing the meninges to protrude is known as? | Spina Bifida |
| The costotransverse joints of the spine can be found between which vertebrae? | T1-T10 |
| An abnormal exaggerated lumbar curve with increased concavity would be known as? | Swayback |
| The Grandy method is what type of C Spine projection? | Lateral |
| Where is the central ray centered for a hyperflexion or hyperextension lateral cervical spine? | C4 |
| What is the recommended SID for the AP Axial Oblique method of the cervical spine? | 60-72 " |
| The respiration phase for an AP or PA axial oblique projection of the cervical spine is? | Suspended respiration |
| What is the central Ray angulation for the lateral projection of the cervical thoracic region when the shoulder can be depressed? | 3-5 degrees caudal |
| If support is not placed under the lower thoracic vertebrae for lateral projection, the central Ray may have to be angled. What is the degree of angulation that would be required? | 10-15 degrees cephalic |
| Which projection of the lumbar spine displays the vertebrae in the form of a Scottie dog? | AP and PA oblique |
| What is the central ray angulation for an AP axial protection of the lumbosacral junction? | 30-35 degrees cephalic |
| The central ray angular ion for a PA sacrum is ? | 15 degrees caudal |
| How many whole facets are present on one side of the vertebral column? | 4 |
| How many demifacets are present on one side of the vertebral column? | 16 |
| The base of the sacrum has a prominent ridge called? | Sacral Promontory |
| What lies directly behind the bodies of the sacral segments? | Sacral Canal |
| What projects superiority from the from the posterolateral aspect of the first coccygeal segment to join the sacral Cornu? | Coccygeal Cornu |
| Who has a more acutely curved sacrum? | Female |
| Who has a longer, narrower sacrum? | Male |
| Columns between the superior and inferior articulate processes are called? | Articular pillars |
| Part of the thoracic region and are areas where the vertebrae and ribs articulate? | Costal Joints |
| What is the most common for of Spina Bifida that occurs when one or more spinal vertebrae are not completely closed? It also cause back stiffness and is often never detected. | Spina Bifida Occulta |
| What is the rarest form of Spina Bifida that is characterized by a protrusion of the protective coating around the spinal cord through the cleft or hole in the vertebrae. | Spina Bifida Meningocele |
| What is the most serious form of Spina Bifida that occurs when the spinal cord also pushes through the hole of the vertebrae? | Spina Bifida Myelomeningecele |
| Which two vertebral curvatures are anteriorly concave? | Thoracic and Pelvic |
| Which two vertebral curves are kyphotic curve? | Thoracic and pelvic |
| Which two vertebral curves are lordotic curves? | Cervical and lumbar |
| Which two vertebral curves are primary curve? | Thoracic and pelvic |
| which spinal condition involves an excessive dorsal curvature of the thoracic vertebral column? | Kyphosis |
| From the junction of which two vertebral structures do transverse processes originate in typical vertebra? | Pedicle and lamina |
| Which vertebral structures the night at the origin of the spinous process of a typical vertebrae? | Both laminae |
| Which structures of a typical vertebrae are the zygapophyses? | Articular processes |
| On which structure is the dens located? | Body of C-2 |
| Which cervical vertebral structures are perforated with the foramen for the passage of the vertebral artery and vein? | Transverse processes |
| Which vertebral structures have bifid tips? | Spinous processes of cervical vertebrae |
| With reference to the MSP how do zygapophyseal joints open and cervical vertebrae? | 90° laterally |
| With reference to the MSP how do zygapophyseal joints open in thoracic vertebrae? | 70 to 75° anteriorly |
| Thoracic vertebrae deferred from cervical and lumbar vertebrae because thoracic vertebrae have? | Demifacets |
| Which structures articulate with vertebral demi-facets? | Head of ribs |
| With reference to the MSP how do zygapophyseal joints open in lumbar vertebrae? | 30-60° posteriorly |
| Lumbar vertebrae deferred from cervical and thoracic vertebrae because lumbar vertebrae have? | Broad large spinous processes |
| Which part of the sacrum form the joints with the ilia of the pelvis? | Auricular Surfaces |
| The AP projection that demonstrates the dens using the Fuchs method differs from an AP open mouth because the Fuch's method? | Extends the chin and keeps the mouth closed |
| The radiographer should not use the Fuchs method to obtain the AP projection of the dens if the patient is? | Suspected to have a fracture or degenerative disease |
| Which projection of the cervical spine demonstrates the dens imagined with the foramen magnum? | AP projection (Fuchs Method) |
| Which cervical structures are best demonstrated with the AP projection open mouth? | C-1 and C-2 |
| How and where should the central ray be directed for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? | 15 to 20° cephalic to C4 |
| How should the IR be positioned for the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? | Centered to C4 |
| Which projection of the cervical vertebral column requires an SID of 72 inches? | Lateral |
| Which maneuver should be used to help obtain maximum depression of the shoulders in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? | Suspend respiration after full expiration |
| What should be done to prevent mandibular rami from superimposing cervical vertebrae in the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? | Elevate the Chin |
| What is the recommended size of the collimated field for the lateral projection of the cervical vertebrae? | 8X10 |
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrates the spinous processes elevated and widely separated? | Hyperflexion lateral projection |
| Which projection of the cervical vertebrae demonstrate the spinous processes depressed and in close approximation? | Hyper extension lateral projection |
| Which projection for cervical vertebrae must be exposed with a horizontal and perpendicular Central Ray? | Lateral |
| How should the central ray be directed for an AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? | 15 to 20° cephalic |
| How should the central ray be directed for the PA axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? | 15 to 20° caudad |
| Which projection of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the intervertebral foramina? | AP axial oblique projection |
| Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the left intravertebral foramina when the central Ray is angled 15 to 20° cephalic? | RPO |
| Which position of the cervical vertebral column best demonstrates the right intravertebral foramina when the central raise angle 15 to 20° caudal? | RAO |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP projection of the cervical vertebrae (Fuchs Method)? | The entire dens should be seen through the foramen magnum |
| Which the evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial projection of the cervical vertebral column? | The spinous processes should be equidistant to the pedicles |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column? | All seven cervical vertebrae should be demonstrated |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to the AP axial oblique projection of the cervical vertebral column? | The intervertebral foramen should be open with those farthest from the IR well demonstrated |
| Which evaluation criterion pertains to PA axial oblique projections of the cervical vertebral column? | The intravertebral foramen should be open with those closest to the IRO demonstrated |
| For the lateral projection swimmers technique of the cervical vertebrae how and where should the central ray be directed? | Perpendicular to the intravertebral disk space of C7 and T1 |
| For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column where should the Central Ray be centered on the anterior chest wall? | At the point half way between the jugular notch and xiphoid process |
| With reference to the patient, where should the top border of the IR or collimated field be position for the AP projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | 1 1/2 to 2 inches above the top of the shoulders |
| For the AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column with the patient in the supine position, why should the patient's hips and knees be flexed? | To reduce kyphosis |
| Which projection most requires usage of the anode heel effect to improve its image quality? | AP projection of the thoracic spine |
| Which projection best demonstrate the intravertebral foramen of the thoracic vertebral column? | Lateral |
| Which structures are not well visualized on the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | T1 to T3 |
| To what level of the body should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | Inferior angle of the scapula |
| What compensation should be made in the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column on a recumbent patient when the lower thoracic region is not parallel with the table? | Angle the Central Ray 10 to 15° cephalic |
| Which of the following would improve visualization of the spinous processes and overall image quality on the lateral projection of the thoracic vertebrae? | Placing lead rubber on the table behind the patient |
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis? | Lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column |
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrate scoliosis? | PA projection of the thoracolumbar vertebral column |
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates lordosis? | Lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column |
| Why should the patient flex the hips and knees for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae? | To reduce lumbar lordosis |
| Where should the central ray be centered on the patient for the AP projection of the lumbosacral vertebrae? | On MSP at the level of the iliac crest |
| When is the recommended that the collimated field size for an AP projection of the lumbar vertebrae be open to 14 x 17"? | For trauma patients |
| Which plane of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column? | Mid sagittal |
| Which plane of the patient should be centered on the midline of the table for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column? | Mid-coronal |
| Where should the central ray be directed for the AP projection of only the lumbar vertebrae? | L4 |
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrates intravertebral foramen? | Lateral |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae when the vertebral column is positioned parallel with the table? | Perpendicular |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebrae when the vertebral column is not parallel with the table? | 5° caudad for males, 8° caudad for females |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of L5 – S1 when the vertebral column is position parallel with the table? | Perpendicular |
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae best demonstrate the zygapophyseal joints? | AP Oblique |
| Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated if a supine patient is rotated 45° with the right side elevated and the perpendicular Central Ray is directed at the third lumbar vertebrae? | Zygapophyseal Joints on the left side |
| Which positioning error most likely occurred if the zygapophyseal joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite anterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? | The patient was not rotated enough |
| Which positioning error is most likely occurring if the Z joints were not well demonstrated and the pedicle was quite posterior on the vertebral body in an image of an AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? | The patient was rotated too much |
| Which projection of the vertebral column best demonstrate the Scottie dog? | Oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column |
| What is demonstrated it the Scottie dog is well visualized? | Z Joints of lumbar vertebrae |
| How many degrees of body rotation are necessary for the APO oblique projection of the lumbar vertebrae? | 45° |
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MFP position perpendicular to the IR? | AP |
| Which projection of the lumbar vertebrae requires MFP be positioned parallel with IR? | Lateral |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray directed four an AP axial projection of the lumbosacral junction and SI joints? | 30 to 35° cephalic |
| Which projection best demonstrates the right SI joint? | AP oblique projection LPO |
| Which projection best demonstrates the left SI joint? | AP oblique projection RPO |
| How many degrees of body rotation from the supine position are required for an AP oblique projection of SI joint? | 25 to 30° |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP axial projections of the sacrum? | 15° cephalic |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the sacrum? | 15° caudal |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for an AP axial projection of the coccyx? | 10° caudal |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA axial projection of the coccyx? | 10° cephalic |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the sacrum? | Perpendicular |
| How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the coccyx? | Perpendicular |
| Which projection of the Ferguson method should be performed to best evaluate scoliosis? | Upright PA |
| Congenital fissure in neural arch (split or cleft) | Spondyloschisis |
| Fixation or fusion of the vertebrae | Spondylosis |
| Inflammation of the vertebrae | Spondylitis |
| Breaking down of he vertebrae | Spondylolysis |
| Forward displacement of vertebrae | Spondylolisthesis |
| What is also found at the level of the ASIS? | Second sacral segment |
| What lies between the superior and inferior articular process? | Articular Pillar |
| What are he classifications of Z Joints? | Synovial/Diarthrodial |
| At what angle do the Z joints of the T spine lie in relation to e MSP? | 70 to 75° |
| Name a factor that can result in an increase in detail on a radiographic image? | Small focal spot |
Created by:
PrettyStudyStacks