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Exercise 8 & 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The pectoral girdles consists of a ring bone formed by the two _______ and _________. The ring is completed anteriorly by the manubrium of the sternum, but is incomplete posteriorly. | clavicles; scapulae |
| The hand is the part of the upper extremity that is distal to the forearm. It contains 8 ________, 5 ___________, and 12 _________ | carpal bones at wrist; metacarpal bones in palm of hand; 14 phalanges in the digits (fingers and thumb) |
| The only bony articulations between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton occur between _______________ | the clavicles and the manubrium of the sternum |
| The articulation between the medial end of the clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum is called the | sternoclavicular joint (This is the only bony attachment between the upper extremity and the axial skeleton) |
| The articulation between the lateral end of the clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula is called the | acromioclavicular joint |
| The scapula rests on the posterior thoracic wall between ribs _____ | 2 and 7 |
| What is the longest and largest bone of the upper extremity? | humerus |
| The elbow joint is formed by the articulations between | the trochlea on the humerus and the trochlear notch on the ulna AND between the capitulum on the humerus and the radial head on the radius |
| Distally, The heads of the carpal bones articulate with the proximal phalanges of the digits to form the | metacarpophalangeal joints |
| The articulations between the phalanges are called | interphalangeal joints |
| When you rotate your shoulder anteriorly, want joint can you feel moving? | Acromioclavicular joint |
| The hip extends from the superior margin of the __________ to the __________ | coxal bone to the hip joint |
| The knee is protected anteriorly by a _________ called the patella | sesamoid bone |
| The foot is the part of the lower extremity that is distal to the leg. It contains 7 _________, 5 __________, and 14 __________ | tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges |
| The part of the coxal bone that articulates with the sacrum is called the | ilium |
| The auricular surfaces of the sacrum articulate with the auricular surfaces of the 2 ilia to form the | sacroiliac joints |
| The bony pelvis resulting from the sacroiliac joints includes the | pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx |
| The ischium forms the posteroinferior portion of the coxal bone. It contains the ___________, which helps to support the body while sitting | Ischial tuberosity |
| The _____ forms the anterior portion of the coxal bone. These two bones anteriorly are joined by a disc of fibrocartilage. This articulation is called the _____________ | pubis; pubic symphysis |
| The ilium, ischium, and pubis join together on the lateral surface of the coxal bone to form a socket known as the ________ | acetabulum |
| The acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur to form the __________ | hip joint |
| Which bone is the heaviest, largest, and longest bone of the body? | femur |
| The ____________ at the proximal end of the bone articulates with the acetabulum to form the hip joint | femoral head |
| The ____________ articulate with the _____________ to form the knee joint | medial and lateral condyles of femur and medial and lateral condyles of the fibia |
| The _______ is the most superior bone of the foot. It articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint | talus |
| The _______ is the largest of the tarsal bones. It is positioned inferior to the talus and extends posterioly to form the heel. | calcaneus |
| Anterior to the calcaneus and talus, from lateral to medial, are the ________ and _________ | cuboid and navicular bone |
| The ischial tuberosities are located on the ________ of the ischial bones | inferior aspect |
| The medial malleolus is located on the ______ and the lateral malleolus is located on the ______ | tibia; fibula |
| Immovable joints are called | synarthroses |
| slightly movable joints are called | amphiarthroses |
| freely movable joints are called | diarthroses |
| ________ are very tight articulations between adjacent bones | sutures |
| In the fetal skull, incomplete ossification occurs and the articulating bones are held together by areas of connective tissue fibers called | fontanels |
| In a __________, the bones are held together by strong, fibrous connective tissue | syndesmosis |
| A ________ is a unique peg-and-socket joint at which no movement occurs. The only joints of this type are the articulations between the permanent teeth and the maxilla and mandible | gomphosis |
| Synovial joints are all _________ | freely movable |
| What are the 6 types of synovial joints? | plane (gliding), hinge, pivot, ellipsoid (condylar), saddle, ball-and-socket |
| What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? | suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis |
| What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints? | Synchondrosis and symphysis |
| The bones of the forearm and leg are connected by ligamentous sheets called ________ to form _________ | interosseous membranes; syndesmosis |
| The __________ is the articulation between the clavicle and the coracoid process of the scapula | coracoclavicular joint |
| The ___________ joint is the articulation between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula | tibiofibular |
| At a symphysis, the articulating surfaces of the bones are covered with _________ and a disc of shock-absorbing fibrocartilage is sandwiched between the bones, holding them together. | hyaline cartilage |
| Invertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae are examples of | symphysis |
| In a ___________, a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. It is a temporary joint because the cartilage is gradually replaced by bone. | Synchondrosis |
| In synovial joints, the articulating bony surfaces are covered by a smooth layer of hyaline cartilage, known as the ___________. The bones are held together by a double-layered ________ that encloses a space between the articulating bones, known as the | articular cartilage; joint capsule; joint cavity |
| The outer layer of the joint capsule, known as the ______, is composed of strong fibrous connective tissue and is attached to each bone in the joint. The inner layer is a lining of loose connective tissue called the _________ | Articular (fibrous) capsule; synovial membrane |
| What are the 5 types of angular movements? | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
| What are the 4 types of rotational movements? | medial rotation, lateral rotation, right rotation, left rotation |
| What are the 12 types of special movements? | Supination, pronation, opposition, reposition, eversion, inversion, protraction, retraction, elevation, depression, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion |
| What is flexion and extension movements? | flexion - bending that decreases angle between body parts extension - straightening action that increase angle between body parts |
| abduction and adduction? | abduction - moving away from median plane, in a coronal plane adduction - moving toward the median plane, in a coronal plane |
| circumduction? | circular motion that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; the distal end of the part being moved describes a circle |
| medial rotation and lateral rotation? | Medial - anterior surface of moving part is brought toward the median plane lateral - anterior surface of moving part is brought away from median plane |
| Right and left rotation? | rotation of a body part to right or left around the midline of the body (ex: atlantoaxial joint for no nodding) |
| Supination and pronation? | supination - rotating forearm and hand laterally so palm faces anteriorly pronation - palm faces posteriorly |
| opposition and reposition? | opposition - thumb or pinky brought over to touch another finger reposition - thumb or pinky is brought back to anatomical position |
| eversion and inversion? | eversion - moving sole of foot away from median plane inversion - moving sole of foot toward median plane |
| protraction and retraction? | protraction - moving anteriorly retraction - moving posteriorly |
| elevation and depression? | elevation - raising a part superiorly depression - lowering a part inferiorly |
| Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion? | dorsiflexion - bending action that elevates the soles (like standing on heels) plantar flexion - elevates the heels (standing on toes) |
| The acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints are types of | gliding synovial joints |
| The elbow joint and knee joint are types of | hinge synovial joints |
| The atlas and axis (C1 and C2) are types of | pivot synovial joints |
| The shoulder joint and hip joints are types of | ball-and-socket synovial joints |
| At the proximal joint, the head of the radius articulates with | the radial notch on the ulna |
| at the distal joint, the head of the ulna articulates with | the ulnar notch on the radius |
Created by:
JHaddad