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The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the vertical axis of the body. These bones include:
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The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities (the appendages). Each upper extremity includes:
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Skeletal system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the vertical axis of the body. These bones include: | the facial and cranial bones in the skull, the vertebral column, the sternum, and the ribs |
| The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the upper and lower extremities (the appendages). Each upper extremity includes: | the scapula and clavicle, the humerus, the radius and ulna, the carpal bones, and the metacarpals and phalanges in the hand |
| The lower extremities of the appendicular skeleton include: | the pelvic bones (illium, ischium, and pubis), the femer, the patella, the tibia and fibula, the tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges in the foot |
| The intercellular matrix of bone tissue is arranged in multiple layers called _________ | lamellae |
| The matrix contains __________, which form 25% of the dry weight, and __________ | Collagen fibers; calcium salts |
| What do calcium salts and collagen fibers do for a bone? | Collagen fivers give bone flexibility, and calcium salts contribute hardness and rigidity |
| What are the two types of bone tissue in the body? | Compact bone (forms hard exterior covering of all bones) and spongy (cancellous) bone (fills interior regions of most bones and forms a thing internal layer along the diaphyses of long bones) |
| What is the basic functional unit of compact bone? | Osteon (Haversian system) |
| Bone lamellae form an irregular arrangement of interconnecting bony struts in the spongy bone called | trabeculae |
| The spaces between trabeculae are filled with | bone marrow |
| In the fetal skeleton, most of the spaces between trabeculae contain | red bone marrow, where new blood cells are formed |
| Following birth, some red bone marrow is invaded by fat tissue and is converted to | yellow bone marrow, a site for fat storage |
| A ____________ travels through the center of each osteon | central (Haversian) canal |
| The central canals are connected by cross channels known as ___________ | Perforating (Volkmann's) canals |
| __________ travel through the central and perforating canals | Arteries |
| Osteocytes are located between the ________ and within small cavities called __________ | bone lamellae; lacunae |
| The osteocytes give rise to cell processes that travel through narrow passageways called __________ | canaliculi |
| The more porous spongy bone predominates at the _________ | epiphyses (two of them) |
| The hollow space inside the diaphysis is the ___________ | medullary cavity |
| The medullary cavity of a typical matured adult long bone comes a ________________ | storage site for fat (yellow bone marrow) |
| Flat bones consist of an internal layer of spongy bone called the | diploe |
| What is surface anatomy? | Study of internal structures in relation to features on the surface of the body |
| The ossification process (bone formation) is incomplete and adjacent bones are connected by regions of fibrous connective tissue known as __________ in the fetal skull | fontanels |
| During development, the vertebral column is formed by 33 individual ______. | vertebrae |
| As a result of bone fusion, the adult spine has only 26 bones and is divided into 5 regions: | cervical vertbrae (7), thoracic vertebrae (12), lumbar vertebrae (5), fused vertebrae of sacrum (5), fused vertebrae of the coccyx (4) |
| In the thoracic and sacral regions, the concave surface of the curvature faces anteriorly. These are the __________ of the vertebral column. | Primary curvatures |
| The cervical and lumbar regions curves posteriorly. These are the ___________ of the vertebral column. | Secondary curvatures |
| The ____________ is the main anterior bony mass of each vertebra and is the part through which body weight is transmitted | Vertebral body |
| The vertebral bodies become progressively larger from ________ to _______ direction. | Superior to inferior |
| The vertebral arch is formed by the _________ and _________ | Pedicles and laminae |
| The pedicles project ______ from the body and form the lateral walls of the vertebral arch. The laminae travel ______ from the pedicles to form the roof | posteriorly; medially |
| The ________ is the hole that is formed by the posterior surface of the body and the vertebral arch. | Vertebral foramen |
| What is the purpose of the intervertebral foramina? | Allow the spinal nerves to exit the vertebral canal |
| What is the purpose of intervertebral discs? | Separate the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. They are composed of fibrocartilage and are absent between the first and second cervical vertebrae and between the fused vertebrae in the sacrum and coccyx |
| _________ (joints with a fluid-filled joint capsule) are found between inferior articular processes of the superior vertebra and the superior articular processes of the inferior vertebra | Synovial joints |
| The ________ develops as five separate vertebrae | Sacrum |
| What do the four transverse lines of the anterior surface of the sacrum indicate? | The areas of fusion between the original bodies of the sacral vertebrae |
| ___________ is the central bony ridge that is formed by the fusion of the spinous processes. The ________ mark the fusion of the transverse processes along each lateral margin | median sacral crest; lateral sacral crests |
| The _________ is a bulge on the anterior margin of the base of the sacrum | sacral promontory |
| The _________ is the continuation of the vertebral canal. Roof of this is formed by the fusion of the laminae of the sacral vertebrae | Sacral canal |
| The ventral and dorsal ___________ are the opening through which the sacral spinal nerves pass to reach peripheral structures | Sacral foramina |
| This bone consists of three to five (usually four) fused vertebrae. It represent a vestige of an embryonic tail that usually disappears by the eighth week of development | coccyx |
| On each side, the auricular surface of the sacrum articulates with the pelvic girdle to form the ___________ | sacroiliac joint |
| __________ are openings on the transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae | transverse foramina (form a bony canal on each side for the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins) |
| The first cervical vertebra (C1) is known as the ______, which is a ringlike structure with a short anterior arch and long posterior arch. It also lacks a body and a spinous process | atlas |
| The articulation between the atlas and the occipital condyles of the skull is called the ____________. The "yes" nodding motion of the head occurs at this joint. | atlantooccipital joint |
| The second cervical vertebra (C2) is called the ____ | axis |
| The ______ protrudes into the opening of the axis and is held against the anterior arch by a ligament. This arrangement forms the ________, where the "no" rotational motion of the head occurs | dens; atlantoaxial joint |
| __________ form synovial joints with the ribs on the thoracic vertebrae. These are flat surfaces on each side of the body and one on the transverse process. | costal facets |
| The five lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back, between the _____ and ______ | thorax and pelvis |
| Because the spinous process of C7 is much larger than those of the other cervical vertebrae, C7 is referred to as the ___________ | vertebra prominens |
| What are the three parts of the sternum? | the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process |
| The superior margin of the manubrium is called the _________ | jugular notch |
| The joint between the manubrium and the body acts as a hinge that allows the body to move anteriorly during inhalation. The angle formed at the joint is the _________ | sternal angle |
| The ribs are attached to pieces of cartilage, referred to as __________. The ribs are categorized according to how these cartilages are attached to the sternum. | Costal cartilages |
| Ribs 1 through 7 are called ___________ because their costal cartilages are directly attached to the sternum | true (vertebrosternal) ribs |
| ribs 8 through 12 are called _______ because they do not have a direct attachment to the sternum. | False ribs |
| The costal cartilages for ribs 8 throguh 10 are connected to each other and attach to the sternum via the costal cartilage of rib 7. These ribs have an indirect attachment to the sternum and are called _____________ | vertebrochondral ribs |
| Ribs 11 and 12 are called ________ because they have no connection to the sternum | floating ribs |
| The spaces between the ribs are called __________. Each space contains three layers of __________, which play an important role in respiration. | Intercostal spaces; intercostal muscles |
| What are the different types of articulating surfaces? | head, facet, condyle, ramus, fossa |
| What are the different types of attachment sites for tendons and ligaments? | tuberosity, crest, line, trochanter (femur only), tubercle, epicondyle, spine |
| What are the different types of depressions and openings? | meatus, sinus, groove, fissure, foramen |
Created by:
JHaddad