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Bio 101 final exam
Bio 101 final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Elements of biology | Carbon (backbone), Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
| 3 main ypes of chemical bonds | Ionic (opposites attract), Covalent (share electrons), Hydrogen (weak but important) |
| Water's 4 special properties | cohesion, large heat capacity, low density as a solid, good solvent |
| 4 main classes of bilogical molecules | Carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), Nucleic acids, proteins |
| carbohydrates | used to store and release energy, break down into sugars (monosaccharides- glucose, disaccharides, polysaccharides) |
| What happens to your glucose | energy needed breaks molecular bonds down and new, lower energy bonds form. energy not needed is stored energy (short term: glycogen, long term: converted to fat) |
| Polysaccharides | cellulose: plant structure Starch: energy storage in animals: glycogen |
| lipids | are hydrophobic, chains/rings of hydrocarbon |
| types of lipids | saturated, unsaturated, trans fatty acid: hydrogeneration |
| triglycerides | 3 fatty acid chains and glycerol, storage reserves |
| phospholipids | 2 fatty acid chains, glycerol, phosphate group |
| Nucleic acids | info storage, energy carriers: ATP |
| 3 parts of nucleic acids | sugar,phosphate, nitrogen base |
| Proteins | long chains of 20 amino acids. functions: structure, enzymes, body functions |
| protein structure | primary (beads), secondary (twist), tetiary, quaternary |
| energy flow | sun- photosynthesis- cellular resp- energy |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | input of energy from break down of food attaches ADP and phosphate |
| ADP (adenosine diphosphate) | energy released as a phosphate group ejected from ATP |
| cellular respiration | process by which all living organisms break down sugar mainly in form of glucose to make ATP. takes place in cytoplasm (glycolysis) & mitochondria (rest of process) O2 + sugar = CO2 + water + ATP |
| cell resp. step 1 (glycolysis) | -new molecule is formed Acetyl-coA molecule entrers cycle and binds to oxalaocetate (creating a 6 carbon molecule) |
| cell resp. step 2 (prep for kreb cycle) | -high energy electron carriers (NADH) are made and CO2 is exhaled - 6 carbon molecules donate electrons creating NADH (2 CO2 molecules are released into atmosphere) |
| cell resp. step 3 (kreb cycle) | -oxacoacetate is reformes, ATP is generated, and more high energy electron carriers are formed -produce NADH and FADH2 -2 turns of cycle are necessary to compute |
| cell resp. step 4 (Electron transport chain) | -electron from FADH2 or NADH jump from inner mitochondrial membrane to tube until it finds O2 -with addition of hydrogen ions -when enough H+ are on one side of inner mitochondrial membrane, they rush to other side of membrane, releasing energy = about |
| Photosynthesis | process by which some organisms capture energy from the sun to create sugar water + CO2 = O2 + sugar |
| thylakoid | location of photo reactions, where light energy is converted into chemical energy |
| stroma | location of synthesis reactions, where chemical energy from the photo reactions is used to synthesize sugars |
| chloroplast | organelle in plant cells in which photosynthesis occurs. converts light energy into chemical energy |
| photosynthesis step 1 | sunlight excites electrons which move around the thylakoids until they bounce to chlorophyll A. Chlorophyll A sends electrons to first electron transport chain, O2 is released |
| photosynthesis step 2 | high energy electrons used to pump H+ into thylakoid. kinetic energy release H+ to make up ATP |
| photosynthesis step 3 | photosystem 2 (more excited electrons) sent to another electron transport chain |
| photosynthesis step 4 | electron transport chain #2 (highly excited electrons) passed to NAD+ creating NADPH (energy carrier) |
| calvin cycle | use ATP & NADPH, plus enzyme rubisco (CO2 sticky tape) and other chemicals floating around in calvin cycle to make sugar |
| C4 photosynthesis | -water loss minimized in warm climates -requires more energy |
| CAM photosynthesis | -water loss minimized in hot climates -requires more energy -slow growth |
| mitochondria | organelle is eukaryotic cells that converts the energy stored in food in the chemical bonds of carbohydrate, fat, and protein molecules into a form usable by the cell for functions and activities |
| 2 parts of digestive system | alimentary and accessory |
| Alimentary canal | moth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine/ colon |
| Accessory structures | salvary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| components of circulation | central pump, vascular system, circulating fluid |
| right heart | right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary cicuit |
| left heart | left atria, right ventricle, systemic circuit |
| vascular system | (high pressure) arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins (low pressure) |
| 4 components of blood | -plasma (55%), RBC, WBC, platelets -avg adult has 4-5 quarts |
| respiratory system structures | upper: nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx lower: trachea, bronchi, lungs |
| respiratory and circulatory systems | circ system brings O2, nutrients, hormones throughout and removes wastes like CO2 from the body |
| nervous system | receive stimuli, process info, initiate response |
Created by:
gg_roses2093