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A&P Review 1
Endocrine, Heart & Vessels, and Blood Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are some recommended treatments of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus? | Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is treated by adopting a healthy diet and exercise. |
| A hormone is defined as a ______ and the target cell is defined as _______. | Chemical; Specific receptor |
| Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by what major factor? | Type I is when the pancreas cannot produce insulin. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells,ultimately destroying them and haulting insulin secretion. |
| As a rule, hormone concentrations are controlled by what type of mechanism | Negative feedback |
| As a result of the general response to stress, the blood concentrations of epinephrine do what when compared to cortisol? | Epinephrine increases systematic blood pressure under stress due to some increase in cardiac output. Cortisol inhibits the synthesis of protein in various tissues, increasing blood concentration of amino acids. |
| How can all hormones be classified? To which chemical group? | Organic compounds. Amino acid based (amines) and steroids (lipids) synthesized from cholesterol. |
| What are the effects of stress? | Stress triggers the physiological responses that resist a loss of homeostasis. These responses include increased activity in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system and increased secretion of adrenal hormones. |
| Increased secretion of cortisol may be accompanied by a decrease in the activities what body system? | Increase secretion of cortisol may be accompanied by a decrease in the activities in the muscular system. |
| What causes the condition called diabetes insipidus? | Diabetes insipidus impairs ADH regulation of water balance. |
| Which organ(s) has both endocrine and exocrine functions? | Pancreas |
| Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus are released through what or where? | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone(GHRH), Somatostatin (SS), Prolactin Release-Inhibiting (RIH), Prolactin-Releasing Factor (PRF), Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
| What does hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to? | Cushing Syndrome, which is a hypersecretion of cortisol from any cause such as an adrenal tumor or oversecretion of ACTH by anterior pituitary. May result from taking corticosteroid drugs fro many years. |
| Describe Addison's disease | The adrenal cortex does not secrete hormones sufficiently. This may be due to immune system attack or an infection such as tuberculosis. Signs & symptoms include decreased blood sodium,increased blood potassium,low blood glucose levels, dehydration |
| A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by doing what? | Combining with specific receptor molecules on the target cell membrane. Each receptor molecule is a protein that has a binding site and activity site. The hormone combines with the binding site,which causes the receptor's activity site to interact. |
| What hormone causes calcium to be deposited in bone? | Calcitonin produced in the thyroid gland. It is usually not referred to as a "thyroid hormone" because it is synthesized by the C cells, distinct from the gland's follicles. |
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced where in the body? | In the fetus a narrow region develops between the anterior & posterior lobes of the pituitary gland. Called the intermediate lobe, it produces melanocyte-stimulating hormone which regulates the synthesis of melanin,the pigment in skin. |
| Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to do what? | Aldosterone is called a mineralocorticoid because it helps regulate the concentration of mineral electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium ions. Specifically aldosterone causes the kidneys to conserve sodium ions and to excrete potassium ions. |
| Simple goiter is most likely to affect people who live in regions where the soil lacks what nutrient or mineral? | Deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine deficiency: because no thyroid hormones inhibit pituitary release of TSH, thyroid is overstimulated and enlarges but functions below normal(hypothyroidism) |
| The definition of endocrine is also the unique identifier for the system. Why? | The endocrine system is so named because the cells,tissues,and organs that compose it, collectively called endocrine glands secrete substances into the internal environment. Endocrine means "internal secretions." |
| Various anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, that are used to treat the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis act by inhibiting the production of what? | Aspirin and certain steroids that relieve the joint pain of rheumatoid arthritis inhibits production of prostaglandins in the synovial fluid of the affected joints.Daily low doses of aspirin may reduce the risk of heart attack. |
| Describe the disease Diabetes mellitus. | Type I-the pancreas cannot produce insulin.It is an autoimmune disorder which the immune sytem attacks pancetic beta cells,ultimately destroying them and halting insulin secretion. |
| When infant girls menstruate, and young boys produce mature sperm, it is called what? | McCune-Albright syndrome, a defect in the G protein that activates adenylate cyclase result in the conversion of ATP to cAMP even without hormonal stimulation. |
| How does Cortisol act? | Is a glucocorticoid,which means it affects glucose metabolism.In addition to affecting glucose,cortisol influences protein and fat metabolism.Inhibits the synthesis of protein in various tissues increasing blood concentration of amino acids. |
| Oxytocin stimulates what in a pregnant woman? | Can contract smooth muscles in the uterine wall playing a role in the later stages of childbirth. It also allows "let down" milk release. |
| How does a steroid hormone acts on a target? | Endocrine secretes steroid hormone diffuse through target cell membrane & enters cytoplasm or nucleus. Hormone combines w/receptor molecule in cytoplasm/nucleus.Steroid hormone receptor complex binds to DNA& promotes transcription of mRNA. |
| Control of hormone secretion is essential to maintain what in a healthy human? | Homeostasis |
| Insulin does what when it is released into the blood stream? | Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose and enhances movement of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes,decreasing blood glucose concentration. |
| Another name for antidiuretic hormone is what? | Vasopressin |
| A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching where in the body? | Is a blockage of an artery in the lungs. (blood clot) |
| Pus, found at a wound site, is composed of what? | Bacteria,leukocytes, and damaged cells accumulate in the inflamed tissue. |
| What is the correct sequence for the development of a red blood cell? | Red marrow (hemocytoblast, myeloid stem cell,proerythroblast,erythroblast,normoblast, reticulocyte,erytrocyte(in circulating blood) |
| Which of the following might be used to replace body fluid in an emergency? | Isotonic (this is the answer he had on the test) |
| hypotonic saline | |
| hypertonic saline | |
| isotonic glucose | |
| hypotonic glucose | |
| What is Leukemia? | Is when red blood marrow flood circulation with agranulocytes & granulocytes. There is rapid production of leukocytes that disrupt proportion of the bloods formed element and their malfunction. Immature white blood cells increase the risk of infection. |
| What drinks should not be imbibed with a meal because it reduces the amount of iron absorbed? | Drinking tea with a meal reduces absorption of iron because tannic acid in tea binds dietary ion and prevents its absorption. |
| Newborns are sometimes exposed to fluorescent light as a treatment for what condition? | Jaundice, yellow color of the skin and whites of the eyes. |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? | Plasma is clear,straw-colored,liqued part of the blood in which cells and platlet are suspended. Serum is essentially plasma minus all its fibrinogen & most other clotting factors. |
| Heparin prevents the clotting of blood by? | Heparin from mast cells and basophils interferes with the formation of prothrombin activator,prevents action of thrombin on fibrinogen, and promotes removal of thrombin by antithrombin&fibrin adsorption. |
| Which of the formed elements releases serotonin? | Platelets release serotonin, which conracts smooth muscles in the vessel alls, reducing blood flow. |
| Oxyhemoglobin is ______ in color, whereas deoxyhemoglobin is ______ in color. | Bright red/darker bluish |
| Know the steps in the formation of a blood clot. | |
| Biliverdin and bilirubin are pigments that result from the breakdown of RBCs; biliverdin is ______ in color and bilirubin is ______ in color | |
| After hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin, what ultimately happens to the heme? | |
| The amino acids that result from the breakdown of bilirubin polypeptide globin chains are metabolized by what? | |
| What is the vasoconstricting substances called and where does it come from? | |
| Which blood types is the most common in the US? | |
| What causes Sickle-cell anemia? | |
| Know the following cells and their job: white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, macrophages. | |
| Why are newborns are sometimes exposed to fluorescent light? | |
| Platelets do what job in the circulatory system? | |
| Which leukocyte are most active as phagocytes? | |
| What is leukocytosis? | |
| Which blood types is the most common in the US? Which is least common? | |
| Know the blood types | |
| Know what an agranulocyte is. | |
| What are compounds produced by the immune system to combat specific antigens called? | |
| Define the condition called erythroblastosis fetalis. | |
| What are the primary functions of lymphocytes? | |
| What percentage of the US population is Rh negative? | |
| The condition called cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of what? | |
| Small, bruiselike spots on the skin as a result of thrombocytopenia are called what? | |
| Know what a granulocytes is. | |
| Vitamin B12 is poorly absorbed in the absence of substance? | |
| The release of tissue thromboplastin initiates what condition? |
Created by:
reelemus