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organic chemistry
review of common terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| addition reaction | A reaction where atoms are added to a organic molecule and a double or triple bond is broken |
| alcohol | An organic molecule containing an -OH functional group |
| aldehyde | An organic molecule containing a -COH functional group |
| alkane | An organic molecule which contains only single carbon to carbon bonds |
| alkene | An organic molecule containing at least one double carbon bond |
| alkyne | An organic molecule containing at least one triple carbon bond |
| amine | An organic molecule which has an ammonia molecule where one or more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by organic groups |
| decomposition | When a complex molecule breaks apart to become two or more smaller molecules |
| double bond | Sometimes atoms share two pairs of electrons to form a double bond (two covalent bonds) |
| empirical formula | A simplified molecular formula. If you have a molecular formula and you can decrease all of the subscripts by some constant number |
| ester | An organic molecule with a R-C(double bond)O-OR' functional group |
| functional group | A common term for a group of atoms that cause a molecule to react in a particular way |
| hydrocarbon | A molecule containing hydrogen and carbon |
| isomers | Compounds having the same atomic number but differ in their chemical structure |
| IUPAC | The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, create rules for naming organic compounds |
| molecular formula | A formula that shows the exact amount of all of the atoms in a molecule |
| organic acid | An organic molecule with a -COOH functional group |
| organic compound | A compound that contains carbon *excluding carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other carbonates |
| saturated | The term given to organic molecules that contain only single bonds |
| structural formula | A 2D picture of a molecule showing all of its atoms and bonds |
| substitution reaction | A reaction where an atom is replaced by another atom |
| synthesis | When a molecule is made of two or more smaller molecules |
| unsaturated | The term given to an organic compound containing dobule or triple bonds |
| Methanol | the simplest alcohol with a structure of R-OH |
| Ethanol | A type of biofuel produced from plant materials; flammable, colorless chemical compound |
| R-COOH | The General Formula of Carboxylic Acids a.k.a. Organic Acids |
| R-OH | Alcohol (functional group) |
| saturated hydrocarbon | A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds |
| unsaturated hydrocarbon | Hydrocarbons that have double or triple bonds |
| functiona group | the parts of molecules used to differentiate classifications of organic molecules |
| Keytones | Sweet or fruity smelling urine, the liver produces in excess then fat is used instead of glucose for energy? |
| amines | An NH2 molecule bonded to a carbon atom (makes basic molecules) |
| amino acids | Compounds with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. |
| carbohydrates | Building block molecules are called monosaccharides; the atoms CHO (1,2,1) are present |
| -COO- | What is the functional group of esters? |
| acetic acid | ethanoic acid... is a derivative of ethanol |
| Phenol | An organic compound in which an -OH group is attached to a carbon atom that is part of an aromatic carbon ring system. |
| dehydrogenation | A form of oxidation in which hydrogen atoms are removed from a molecule. |
| hydrogenation | Adding hydrogen gas to an unsaturated fat to increase shelf life, turns it into trans |
| polymerization | A chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer. |
| isomer | Compounds with the same formula but different structures. |
| solvay process | an industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from sodium chloride and ammonia and carbon dioxide |
| cracking | Breaking up large hydrocarbons into smaller ones using heat. |
| aromatics | Herbs, spices, and flavorings that create a savory smell and flavor in stocks, Cyclic organic compounds characterized by the presence of at least one 6 carbon benzene ring. |
| alkylation | a chemical reaction in which an alkyl group is transferred from one molecule to another. in chemotherapy, alkylation leads to damage of the cancer cell DNA and cell death. |
| fullerines | organic molecules which are shaped like geodesic domes |
| photosynthesis | Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. |
| disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| polypetide | cells create proteins by linking amino acids together into a chain |
Created by:
rufuspat
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