two main factors determining drug distribution

plasma protein binding and blood flow

chronic aerobic training adaptations include increases in

SV, LV volume, capillary density, plasma volume and aerobic enzymes

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Final Review KINS447

Final Exam Review KINS 447

Question	Answer
The onset of action for a transdermal drug on a runner in hot weather will be	faster
Increased metabolism of a drug does what to the blood concentration	decreases
the intensity of the drug effect is impacted mainly by	plasma drug concentration
major pathway of drug excretion	kidney
nonproprietary drug name	generic
proprietary drug name	brand/trade
passage of the drug from the GI tract to the bloodstream	absorption
drug distributed to various tissues in the bloodstream	distribution
chemical modification of a drug into metabolites	metabolism
injection of a drug into the muscle	intramuscular
main parenteral routes of administration include	IV, IM, subq
type of administration involving topical patches or ointments	transdermal
two main factors determining drug distribution	plasma protein binding and blood flow
Study of the action of drugs on living tissue	pharmacodynamics
Study of the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.	pharmacokinetics
Drug that binds to it's receptor and produces a drug action.	agonist
Exact amount of a drug that is administered in order to produce a specific effect.	dose
Situations or conditions when a certain drug should not be administered	contraindications
study of drugs	pharmacology
name that defines the chemical composition of a drug	chemical name
the amount of drug administered that is absorbed and reaches the systemic circulation	bioavailability
what change occurs to left ventricular mass and thickness with chronic resistance and endurance training	increase
what change occurs to stroke volume, resting HR, BP and plasma volume with chronic resistance training	unchanged
what change occurs to anaerobic enzymes with chronic resistance training	increased
stroke volume increases with exercise intensity, but due to chamber size there is a	plateau
the trained individual's heart rate compared to an untrained individual at rest and sub maximal exercise	lower
the trained individual's cardiac output compared to an untrained individual is	the same
when stroke volume rises in a trained individual, what compensation occurs	HR decreases
chronic aerobic training adaptations include increases in	SV, LV volume, capillary density, plasma volume and aerobic enzymes
Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release	aldosterone
aldosterone stimulates the tubular reabsorption of	sodium and water
angiotensin II does what to the arterioles	vasoconstricts
angiotensin II does what to total peripheral resistance	increases
when total peripheral resistance increases, BP	increases
preload, after load, HR and contractility all stimulate	cardiac output
the volume of blood remaining in each ventricle following contraction.	end systolic volume
the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each beat.	stroke volume
the maximum amount of blood ejected by the heart each minute	maximum cardiac ouput
the pressure in the arteries during the contraction phase of the heart	systolic
positive ionotropic effect	greater contractility
positive chronotropic effect	faster heart rate
main cholinergic receptor, found in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle	muscarinic
main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system	epinephrine
main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system	acetylcholine
nervous system that controls homeostasis in the body	autonomic
Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension	DASH diet
balanced diet that is low in fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sweets, and high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products	DASH diet
diet more effective a lowering BP than reducing sodium	DASH diet
two main lipoproteins	LDL and HDL
carrier molecules which are composed of both lipids and proteins	lipoproteins
lipoproteins have a phospholipid bilayer to allow them to carry what int he bloodstream	cholesterol and TGs
omega-3 fatty acids produce what which limits inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis	anti-inflammatory eicosanoids
role of antioxidants in the prevention of ASO	protect LDL from being oxidized
increased intake of refined carbohydrates (breads, crackers, cereals) will increase what	small, dense LDL
LDL is not measured it is estimated because	it's expensive
type of LDL that is more atherogenic	small, dense
major determinant of the risk of plaque rupture which can result in myocardial infarction.	stability of the plaque
abnormally low level of potassium ions in circulating blood.	hypokalemia
drugs that inhibit the reabsorption of water	diuretics
drugs that inhibit angiotensin formation	ACE inhibitor
hypertension with no known cause	essential HTN
abnormally high BP	HTN
mineral corticoid that causes retention of sodium	aldosterone
most important side effect of statins for runners	myopathy
calcium channel blockers (CCBs) do what to blood vessels	vasodilate
CCBs inhibit the influx of what in arterial smooth muscle	calcium
during exercise heat is dissipated through	peripheral vasodilation
CCBs do what to total peripheral resistance	decrease
main conditions CCBs are used to treat	HTN and angina
most commonly used nitrate	nitroglycerin
action of nitrates on peripheral smooth vascular muscle	dilate
nitrates action the heart workload	decrease
nitrates used to treat	MI
side effect of nitrates	dizziness and fainting
used to lower total cholesterol, LDL and increase HDL	hypolipidemic drugs
beta-blockers do what to resting and exercise heart rate	decrease
drug class that impairs thermoregulation making it difficult to dissipate heat when exercising	diuretics
thiazide diuretics act on what to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water	distal convoluted tubule
two major concerns with prescribing theophylline for COPD	side effects and drug-drug interactions
Lack of moisture in the air may trigger what, potentially causing long term damage to the bronchioles	EIB
what stages of COPD will have difficulty exercising for even short periods	II-IV
what stage of COPD can begin an exercise program as recommended by the ACSM for healthy individuals	I
individuals with EIB should take 2 puffs of their bronchodilator when	15 min prior to exercise
is asthma considered a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	no, this is controversial
two main pathologic features of asthma	bronchoconstriction and inflammation
when bronchioles inflame with asthma, what occurs	bronchiole wall thickening and mucus formation
allergens such as dust and pollen do what to the bronchioles in those with asthma	inflame and constrict
the most effective drug for the long term control of asthma in elite athletes is	corticosteroids
the onset of action of a long acting beta 2 agonist	slow
long acting beta 2 agonist are used to for	chronic asthma
type of drug used most commonly to treat acute asthma attacks	short acting beta-2 agonist
high doses of beta-2 agonists may stimulate what in the heart	B1 receptors
stimulation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs results in what	bronchodilation
activates beta-2 adrenergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation	beta-2 agonists
inhibits cholinergic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchodilation	anticholinergics
stimulates synthesis of cytokines, inhibits production of LT & PG and inhibits leukocyte infiltration	corticosteroids
inhibit lipooxygenase resulting in decreased production of inflammatory mediators	leukotriene modifiers
airway hyperresponsiveness occurs in response to exercise	EIB
produces allergy symptoms and a local immune response when released	histamine
clinically defined as a chronic productive cough	chronic bronchitis
causes destruction of the alveolar sacs making it difficult for to expel air	emphysema
enzyme induced in response to inflammation	COX-2
have NSAIDs been proven to inhibit DOMS?	no
increased risk of what in long distance runners using NSAIDS	GI bleeding and renal failure
reason NSAIDs increase risk of renal failure in endurance athletes	inhibit PGs, decrease renal blood flow
arginine rich foods, omega-3 FAs, soy protein and physical activity are	anti-inflammatory
Bradykinin, prostaglandins, histamine and leukotrienes all increase	vascular permeability
chemical mediator involved in the pain response	bradykinin
Local anesthetics act by doing what to nerve transmission	inhibit locally
factor that attracts specific cell types to the area of injury.	chemotactic factor
factors that are released from one type of cell and bind to another cell, coordinating and propagating the inflammatory response.	chemical mediator
cells which engulf dead cells and debris from an injury site	neutrophils
metabolites of arachidonic acid that increase vascular permeability and induce pain	prostaglandin
inhibits substance P	capsicum
inhibition of COX in the brain	acetaminophen
bind to opioid receptors in the CNS	opioid analgesics
binds irreversibly with COX-1	aspirin
Agitation, irritability, dizziness, headache, hand tremor and fatigue in an exercising diabetic	hypoglycemia
when blood glucose drops the pancreas releases	glucagon
glucagon stimulates the breakdown of	glycogen to glucose
excess fructose consumption does what to liver insulin sensitivity	increases resistance
excess fructose consumption does what to satiety	diminishes
excess fructose consumption does what to uric acid	increases formation
excess fructose consumption what to fat storage and synthesis	increases
excess fructose consumption does what to glycogen synthesis	increases
diabetics should avoid exercise at night due to risk of	post-exercise hypoglycemia
diabetics should assess intensity with RPE and not HR due to	blunted response to HR
despite possible blunted response to BP in a diabetic, BP should be monitored due to risk of	hyper or hypotension
what nutrient should be adjusted in a DM when starting a new exercise program	carb intake
caused by glycoproteins in the blood vessel wall, basement membrane weakening, diminished blood flow to organs	"micro"angiopathy
drug increases the release of insulin from the pancreas	glipizide (sulfonylurea)
inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver	metformin (biguanide)
insulin sensitizer in fat and muscle	Avandia (glitazone)
decreases the absorption of glucose from the small intestines	Prelose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitor)
preserve the insulin producing capacity of B-cells in the pancreas while stimulating the release of insulin	Byetta (Incretin mimetic)
inhibit the enzyme responsible for inactivating incretin hormones	Januvia (DPP-4 Inhibitors)
contraindication for resistance training in diabetics	retinopathy
secreted by pancreatic beta cells to slow the rate of glucose absorption	amylin
peptide hormone that enhances insulin release by the pancreas	incretin
the underlying defect in type 2 diabetes	insulin resistance
can cause a blunted response to hypoglycemia and changes in blood	autonomic neuropathy
damage to the kidneys, commonly caused by diabetes	nephropathy
If there is evidence that a dietary supplement is unsafe, the FDA must	take appropriate enforcement action
Manufacturers are not required to prove what prior to their product going to market	safety or effectiveness
a supplement label can make claims regarding disease prevention, ergogenic benefit and aging, but not	treatment of a disease
The only intended route of administration for dietary supplements is by	ingestion
structure-function claims cannot make the claim to	treat or proven diseases
an amino sugar which makes up GAGs which are part of proteoglycans in articular cartilage	glucosamine
one of the largest studies with glucosamine shows there is little benefit compared to placebo in treatment of	osteoarthritis
glucosamine should be avoided in those with an allergy to	shellfish
glucosamine should be used with caution in diabetics due to	raising insulin levels
glucosamine and chondroitin work by incorporating into	articular cartilage
abbreviation for Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act	DSHEA
DSHEA categorized herbs as dietary supplements and dietary supplements as a subcategory of	foods (not drugs)
independent labs found what about the ingredients in common dietary supplements	not accurately represented on a label
herb proposed to treat depression	St John's Wort
herb proposed to improve memory and concentration	ginkgo biloba
herb proposed to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy	saw palmetto
herb proposed to relieve stress	kava
herb proposed to enhance healing	echinacea
herb proposed to treat menstrual cramps	black cohosh
herb proposed to prevent migraines	feverfew
herb proposed to reduce BP and improve blood lipids	garlic
alcohol does what to gluconeogenesis (formation of glucose)	inhibits
alcohol does what to fluid loss	increases
alcohol does what to protein synthesis	inhibits
alcohol does what to B-vitamin absorption	inhibits
caffeine does what to muscle lipid oxidation	increases
caffeine has what effect on glycogen	glycogen sparing
caffeine has what effect on skeletal muscle contraction	enhances
caffeine does what to mental alertness	increases
caffeine does what to the perception of fatigue	decreases
caffeine does what to protein synthesis	no effect
cocaine does what to the perception of fatigue	decreases
cocaine does what to heat loss during exercise	diminishes
cocaine does what to temperature regulation	impairs
cocaine does what to heat production during exercise	increases
cocaine has what impact on protein synthesis	no impact
dilated pupils, dry mouth, lip licking, restlessness, reduced appetite, weight loss and irritability are signs of	amphetamine use
caffeine binds to what receptor in the brain	adenosine
caffeine inhibits the depression of what in the brain	nerve cell activity
alcohol inhibits the release of what hormone which results in increased urine production	alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
acute cannabinoid use has what impact on heart rate	increase 20-50 beats/min
solubility of cannabinoids	fat soluble
A JAMA study on low cumulative marijuana use showed what impact on pulmonary function	no impairment
amphetamines use during physical activity in warm weather can result in fatalities due to	heat stroke
drug class including amphetamines, ephedrine and caffeine	stimulants
drug effects include increased blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and release of dopamine	amphetamines
drug banned by the NCAA when urine levels exceed 15 ug/mL	caffeine
neurotransmitter that depresses nerve cell activity, causing drowsiness	adenosine
drug metabolized to benzoylecgonine	cocaine
abbreviation for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol	THC
increased muscle mass, strength, fat free mass, accelerated bone growth are what type of effects associated with AAS	anabolic effects
regulate muscle & bone growth and regulate metabolic processes is the primary function of what	human growth hormone
physiological, pharmacological, mechanical and nutritional are all considered what	ergogenic aids
aggression, hostility and anger are side effects of what	AAS
reduced sperm production and testicular size in men are side effects of what	AAS
development of masculine features in women is a side effect of what	AAS
oily skin, hair and acne is a side effect of what	AAS
AAS stimulate the growth of	protein (muscle and bone)
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids are in a class of steroids called	corticosteroids
steroids which decrease inflammation and increase the breakdown of muscle	glucocorticoids
steroids which decrease the use of glucose and increase insulin resistance	glucocorticoids
steroids involved in regulating fluid balance	mineralocorticoids
glycoprotein hormone used in athletes to increase red blood cells	EPO
use of r-EPO does what to endogenous EPO production	suppresses
use of EPO does what to blood viscosity	increases
athletes who use EPO are at risk for what conditions	MI/stroke
which PED promotes glucose and amino acid transport into muscle cells	hGH
which PED promotes the utilization of amino acids for protein synthesis	hGH
hGH is administered by which route	injection
an athlete must consume adequate protein and train at a high intensity to obtain benefits of	AAS
at what amount greater than the therapeutic dose do athletes common use AAS	10-100X greater
immediate precursor to androstenedione and available over the counter	DHEA
precursor to testosterone	androstenedione
which drug class is banned during competition in precision sports because they reduce anxiety and tremor	beta-blockers
athletes use this drug class to mask the effect of other PEDs	diuretics
external influence which can positively affect sporting performance	ergogenic aid
PED proposed, but not proven, to increases lean body mass, improve muscle strength and athletic performance.	hGH
hGH stimulates the growth of	all tissues
one of the more serious side effects of AAS use	liver abnormalities
AAS are used by what type of athletes	amateur and pro
what type of injections deliver growth factors to an injured area to speed healing, but not banned by WADA	PRP
supplement that increases protein synthesis and spares glucose	beta-alanine
acts as a stimulant, suppresses appetite and can be found in "ephedra free" supplements	citrus aurantium
popular supplement very effective at promoting muscular hypertrophy	creatine
supplement that decreases dehydration, but has not been shown to improve body composition	L-alanyl-L-glutamine
supplement that increases body weight & whole lean body mass and decreases DOMS symptoms	alfa-hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA)
increase muscle mass and strength in untrained athletes, but no benefit shown in trained athletes.	B-hydroxy B-methylbuturate (HMB)
an athlete tested positive for a drug that he was actually not taking	false positive
stimulants, oxygen enhancers and relaxants are likely to be used when	during competition
depressants are most likely to be used	recreationally
anabolic steroids and growth hormone are more likely to be used	during training
coordinates anti-doping enforcement for international competitions and the Olympics	WADA
international, nonprofit, umbrella organization that supervises the summer and winter Olympics	IOC
implement doping control in the Olympic Games	WADA and local committees
operates under the umbrella of the IOC and administer anti-doping programs	IAF
student athletes have unsuccessfully claimed what in drug testing cases against organizations	14th amendment rights
the NCAA can institute a drug testing policy without violating an athlete's constitutional rights because	not considered state actor
public colleges and universities are considered state actors and therefore subject to	constitutional challenges
goal of a successful anti-doping program is to influence human behavior, not to	prosecute athletes
what includes the administration of blood, red blood cells or artificial oxygen carriers	blood doping
recombinant human EPO which was initially introduced for the treatment of disease	rHuEPO
what tests measures rHuEPO	no direct test
substances can be masked in the urine by taking diuretics or	over-hydrating
changing the pH of the urine by consuming	acidic fruit juices or aspirin
antiquated methodology to interfere with the TLC test for opiates	consuming golden seal
blood doping was recognized as a performance enhancing agent in	the 1980s
doping is derived from which Dutch word, which means opium juice	¨doop¨
the use of ergogenic aids in sports dates back to	400 BC
the ancient Greeks used what to fight fatigue	stimulants
the IOC began testing in	1964
the IOC had a defined list of prohibited drugs in	1968
an error in the Custody and Control Form is a	fatal flaw
The inability to urinate in public restrooms is called	shy bladder
Chain of custody refers to the documentation required when handing a specimen from the time of collection until	results are reported
surveys indicate that most college and high school athletes support or do not support drug testing?	support
not every student at a public school can be drug tested because of	constitutional constraints
use of genes to modulate genetic expression of particular proteins to improve athletic performance	gene doping
hGH (human growth hormone) detection is difficult because metabolism of the peptide is	fast
The most commonly used specimen for drug testing is	urine
drug testing specimen with easy analysis due to limited amount of protein and cellular constituents	urine
drug testing specimen with strong correlation between concentration of the drug and effect on performance	blood
drug testing specimen that is non-invasive and easy to perform, but citrus can skew results	saliva
drug testing specimen with a large detection window, beneficial in identifying false-negative results	hair

Created by: tainner

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