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Anatomy-Back
Anatomy Final- Back
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The great occipital artery is located _______ to the occipital artery. | Medial |
| What muscle does the greater occipital nerve piece? | Trapezius inferior to the external occipital protuberance. |
| What are the superficial muscles of the back? | 1. Trapezius; 2. Latissimus dorsi; 3. Rhomboid major; 4. Rhomboid minor; and 5. Levator scapulae. |
| The superior attachments of the trapezius muscle are _______, ______ and ______. | External occipital protuberance, nuchal ligament and spinous processes of vertebrae of C7 to T12. |
| The trapezius has multiple actions, and they are? | 1. Elevation of the scapula; 2. Retraction of the scapula; 3. Depresses the scapula. |
| The accessory nerve plexus is located ________ to the trapezius muscles. | Deep |
| The accessory nerve provides motor innervation to what muscle? | Trapezius. |
| What nerves provide sensory innervation to the trapezius muscle? | C3 and C4 ventral rami |
| The superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery innervates what muscle? | Trapezius muscle |
| The accessory nerve passes through which part of the neck? | Posterior triangle |
| What are the medial attachments of the latissimus dorsi muscle? | Spines of vertebrae T7 to T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, ribs 9-12. |
| What is the lateral attachment of the latissimus dorsi muscle? | Intertubercular sulcus on the anterior side of the humerus |
| What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi? | Thoracodorsal nerve |
| What is the blood supply to the latissimus dorsi? | Thoracodorsal artery |
| The thoracodorsal nerve and artery is located on the _____ side of the latissimus dorsi. | Anterior |
| What are the medial attachments of the rhomboid major muscle? | Spinous processes of T2-T5. |
| What are the lateral attachments of the rhomboid major muscle? | Medial border of the scapula inferior to the scapular spine. |
| What is the action of the rhomboid muscles? | Retract the scapula, rotate the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity and hold the scapula close to the thoracic wall. |
| What innervates the rhomboid muscles? | Dorsal scapular nerve. |
| What is the blood supply to the rhomboid muscles? | Dorsal scapular vessels. |
| The dorsal scapular nerves and vessels course _______. | Deep surface of the 2 rhomboids |
| The dorsal scapular artery is a branch off the ________. | Subclavian artery or the transverse cervical artery. |
| What is the superior attachment of the levator scapulae? | Transverse processes of the upper 4 cervical vertebrae |
| What is the inferior attachment of the levator scapulae muscle? | Superior angle of the scapula. |
| What innervates the levator scapulae muscle? | Dorsal scapular nerve. |
| What is the blood supply to the levator scapulae muscle? | Dorsal scapular artery. |
| The dorsal scapular nerve and artery pass _______ to the levator scapulae muscle. | Deep |
| What is the action of the levator scapulae? | Elevates the scapula and rotates the scapula to depress the glenoid cavity. |
| What are the intermediate muscles of the back? | 1. Serratus posterior superior muscle; 2. Serratus posterior inferior muscle. |
| What are the medial attachments of the serratus posterior superior muscle? | Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T3. |
| What are the lateral attachments of the serratus posterior superior muscle? | Superior borders of ribs 2-5. |
| What are the medial attachments of the serratus posterior inferior muscle? | Spinous processes of T11-L2. |
| What are the lateral attachments of the serratus posterior inferior muscle? | Inferior borders of 9-12. |
| The serratus posterior muscles are innervated by _______. | Intercostal nerves. |
| What are the deep muscles of the back? | 1. Splenius capitis and cervicis; 2. Semispinalis capitis, cervicis and thoracis; 3. Erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis); 4. Multifidus |
| All the deep muscles of the back are innervated by what nerve? | Dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. |
| What is the inferior attachment of the splenius muscle? | Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T6 |
| The splenius muscle consists of what parts? | 1. Splenius capitis muscle; 2. Splenius cervicis muscle |
| What does the splenius capitis muscle attach to? | Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. |
| What does the splenius cervicis muscle attach to? | Transverse processes of C1-C4. |
| The erector spinae muscle is _______ to the intermediate muscles of the back. | Deep |
| What are the erector spinae muscles? | Spinalis, Longissimus and Iliocostalis. |
| The thoracolumbar fascia is a layer of fascia that covers which layer muscles? | Deep muscles of the back. |
| Thoracolumbar fascia spans from ______ to _______. | Midthoracic level to the sacrum. |
| Which erector spinae muscle is the most medial? | Spinalis muscle |
| What are the attachments of the spinalis muscle? | Spinous processes of the lumbar, thoracic and cervical vertebrae. |
| Which erector spinae muscle is intermediate to the other erector spinae muscles? | Longissimus muscle |
| What are the attachments of the longissimus? | Sacrum and the transverse processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae. Most superior portion to the mastoid process of temporal bone. |
| Which erector spinae muscle lies most laterally? | Iliocostalis muscle |
| What are the attachments of the iliocostalis muscle? | Iliac crest and ribs |
| What is the bilateral unified action of the erector spinae muscles? | Extension of the vertebral column |
| What is the unilateral action of the erector spinae muscles? | Lateral bending toward the active side |
| What are the transversospinal group of muscles? | 1. Semispinalis muscle; 2. Multifidus; 3. Rotatores |
| The transversospinal group of muscles are located _______. | Deep to the erector spinae muscles. |
| What is the overall action of the muscles in the transversospinal group? | Rotational and lateral bending movements between adjacent vertebrae and act to stabilize the vertebral column. |
| The semispinalis capitis muscle lies_________. | Deep to the splenius capitis and cervicis. |
| What are the attachments of the semispinalis capitis muscle? | Transverse processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae, occipital bone. |
| What nerve passes through the semispinalis capitis muscle? | Greater occipital nerve. |
| The greater occipital nerve emerges between which structures? | Vertebrae C1 and C2. |
| What are the 3 muscles that form the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle? | 1. Obliquus capitis inferior; 2. Rectus capitis posterior major; 3. Obliquus capitis superior muscle |
| What are the attachments of the obliquus capitis inferior muscle? | Spinous process of C2 and transverse process of C1. |
| What are the attachments of the rectus capitis posterior major muscle? | Spinous process of C2 and the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone |
| What are the attachments of the obliquus capitis superior muscle? | Transverse process of C1 and occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines. |
| What are the general functions of the muscles that bound the suboccipital triangle? | Extension, lateral bending of the AO joint and rotation of the head at the AO joint. |
| What are the contents of the suboccipital triangle? | Suboccipital nerve and the vertebral artery |
| Where does the suboccipital nerve emerge from? | Between the occipital bone and C1. |
| What does the suboccipital nerve supply? | Motor to the muscles of the suboccipital region. |
| Does the suboccipital nerve have any cutaneous distribution? | NO- even though it is a cervical spinal nerve. |
| The spinal cord begins at the _____. | Foramen magnum. |
| The spinal cord ends at level _____. | L2 vertebral level. |
| In the cervical regions, spinal nerves are numbered according to the vertebra ______ it. | Below |
| The thoracic, lumbar and sacral nerves are numbered according to the vertebra ______ it. | Above |
| The ligamenta flava connects _____. | Laminae of adjacent vertebrae |
| The dural sac ends at vertebral level ____. | S2 |
| The conus medullaris is located between vertebral levels ______. | L1 and L2 |
| What is the cauda equina? | Collection of ventral and dorsal roots in the lower vertebral canal. |
| What is the filum terminale? | Filament of pia mater |
| Where does the filum terminale arise from? | Tip of the conus medullaris |
| Where does the filum terminale end? | S2 and then becomes made of dura to continue below S2. |
| Denticulate ligaments are made out of which layer of meninge? | Pia mater |
| Denticulate ligaments attach to ______. | Inner surface of dura mater to anchor the spinal cord. |
| Spondylolysis vs. Spondylosis | |
| Triangle of Auscultation | |
| Winging of scapula | |
| Spina bifida occulta |
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