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Stem Cells
Final chapter 21
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In order to have cell division there needs to be ___. | asymmetry |
| Regulated cell death that is essential in cell development. | apoptosis |
| Every time a cell divides the ____ is the same. | DNA component |
| During this type of division there will be certain factors that localize to one side of dividing cell. | asymmetric |
| After _____ the asymmetric cell will have a different cell faith. | cytokinesis |
| This type of division gives rise to identical cells. | symmetric division |
| In fertilization we are using ____ cells. | germ |
| Sperm cells have 3 components which are ? | flagella, acrosomal vesicle, and DNA |
| The acrosomal vesicle is found in the ____ of the sperm and contains lots of ____. | front, hydrolytic enzymes |
| What are the 2 germ cells? | sperm and oocyte |
| What are the 3 components of the oocyte? | protective layers, DNA, and mitochondria |
| The protective layer ensures that one ____ gets _____ by one _____. | egg, fertilized, sperm |
| The mitochondria will come from the ____ cell. | maternal |
| When sperm comes in contact with the protective layer it releases ____ to _____ the layer. | enzymes, degrade |
| After the layer has been degraded, the sperm can migrate to contact the _____ _____. | oocyte membrane |
| When the sperm contacts the oocyte membrane there is an immediate increase in _____ in the oocyte. | calcium |
| The increase in calcium causes ____ to release contents to the surrounding environment. | granules |
| After the granules release contents we have a fusion of the 2 ____ and the sperm can meet the oocyte. | membranes |
| A zygote is considered a _____ and a ______ stem cell. | diploid, totipotent |
| Cell that is capable of forming all sorts of cells and extra embryonic tissues (placenta) | totipotent stem cell |
| In C. elegans as soon as the first division is done the 2 cells are _____ and already underwent ____. | different from each other, assymetry |
| After the ____ cell stage, the ability to be any kind of cell gets lost. | 8 |
| The inner mass can form ____ but not the _____ | any type of cell, extra embryonic tissue |
| Can form the extra embryonic tissues after the 8 cell stage. | trophectoderm |
| Can form any cell type | totipotent |
| Can form most but not all of cells required for development. | pluripotent |
| Have lost ability to become different types of cells (can have skin cells : only skin) | multipotent |
| Inner cell mass cells that have been removed from developing embryo and are cultured in the lab | embryonic stem (ES) cells |
| To stimulate a cells ability to become endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, the cells can be placed in ____ with different ____. | environments, growth factors |
| By placing cells in different environments with different growth factors the cell have the ability to become _____, _____, or _____. | endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm |
| How do you culture ES cells? | you culture a blastocyst, isolate inner cell mass, plate on fibroblast feeder cells, replate on new feeder cells, establish ES cell cultures |
| Cultured ES cells can become? | fat cell, neuron, macrophage, smooth muscle cell, glial cells |
| A cultured blastocyst consists of _____, ____, and _____. | inner cell mass, blastocoel, trophoblast |
| Sperm and oocyte cells are _____, ____ stem cells. | differentiated, non |
| As cells begin to _____, there are ____ that will add _____ groups to _____modifications. | differentiate, enzymes, methyl, histone |
| ______ can form in differentiated cells, causing regions to be _____ and not _____. | heterochromatin, silenced, transcribed |
| As the cells keep on dividing, more ____ gets ____. | genome, methylated |
| Describe the 5 steps in methylation of differentiated cells. | 1. methylated 2.silenced 3. hemi-methylated 4. restored methylation 5. unmethylated (then repeats) |
| What is the silencing complex made of? Where in the cycle is it located? | 1) histone deacetylation, histone H3K9 methylation, HP1 binding 2) between methylated and silenced |
| Hemi methylation happens after _____. | DNA replication |
| Maintenance methylation (DNMT1)occurs between ____ and ____. | hemi-methylated, restored methylation |
| What occurs between restored methylation and unmethylation? | epigenic reprogramming (embryogenesis) |
| De nova methylation (DNMT3A,DNMT3B) occurs between _____ and _____. | unmethylated and methylated |
| After division of cells we see ___ ____ DNA. | hemi methylated |
| Hemi methylated DNA serves as a template to _____ the newly synthesized DNA strand, then ____ strands are methylated. | methylate, both |
| To get stem cells to form the ____ needs to get removed from the DNA. | methylation |
| In the ___ to ___ division the events of ____ occur, and the cells begin to ____. | 1st, 2nd, demethylation, differentiate |
| What 3 genes need to be activated to keep cells as embryonic cells? | Oct 4, Sox 2, Nanog |
| Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog produce proteins that activate genes for ____ ____ and repress genes that induce specific ______ ____. | self-renewal pluripotency, differentiation pathways |
| The proteins produced by Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog act ___ on _____ to keep proteins from being ____. | back, themselves, expressed |
| Somatic cells that can be de-differentiated, or reset, in culture are called? | induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) |
| Somatic cells that are not involved in the production of gametes; reprogramming these cells to be a stem cell. | iPS |
| What are the 2 ways to make iPS cells? | chemically or virally |
| What does iPS stand for? | induced pluripotent stem cells |
| When virally making an iPS cell, the virus infects a host cell and _____ ___ into the host ____. | incorporates, genome, genome |
| When making iPS cells virally you express ___, ____, ____ and ____ in cultured cells. | KLF4, SOX2, OCT4, and c-MYC |
| In generating an iPS cell you can take ___ from adult skin biopsy, and introduce ____ genes. | fibroblast, 3 key |
| iPS cells can become what 4 things (there is more but only mention 4)? | fat cell, neuron, macrophage, smooth muscle cell |
| ____ are used to help know which cells have certain ___ inside. | marker, nuclei |
| List the 7 steps in cloning in vivo de-differention(green fluorescent protein (GFP) mouse). | remove ovuum nucleus from mouse egg, add nucleus from (GFP) olfactory neuron, differentiate to inner cell mass stage, derive ES cells, add ES or iPS cells to tetraploid blastocyst, generate GFP embryo on host placenta, generate GFP mice |
| When stem cells divide ____ of the ____ cell will remain a stem cell and the other _____ cell will begin to _____. | 1, daughter, daughter, differentiate |
| Each daughter cell (non stem cells) can undergo a ____ number of divisions. | limited |
| Stem cells can undergo_____ of divisions. | 1000s |
| Differentiated cells can undergo ____ divisions. | 20-30 |
| With so many divisions there is a greater chance of ____. | mutations |
| During rounds of division the ___ shorten, which can have significant effects on cells ability to ____. | telomerase, function |
| After the differentiated cells undergo the max amount of divisions they enter and remain in the _____ state. | Go |
| Stem cells have a ___ ____ property | self-renewal |
| In many cancer cells the ___ ____ has been activated. | telomerase enzyme |
| The DNA sequence in telomerase, ____ slightly between species. | varies |
| The ___ form ____ at the ends of chromosomes. | telomeres, caps |
| Telomerase contain a ____ DNA sequence that is _____. | unique, repeated several times |
| Removal of the ____ ____ leads to the shortening of the chromosomes after each round of ____. | RNA primer, replication |
| _____ shortening eventually leads to cell death. | chromosome |
| An RNA sequence in ____ acts as the template for ___. | telomerase, DNA |
| Enzyme that adds the telomeric sequence to the 3' end of the chromosome. | telomerase |
| The ____ length of the chromosomal DNA has been restored by a _____ template bound to ____. | original,RNA, telomerase |
| There is a generation of a ___ where the ____for DNA replication was removed. | gap, primer |
| The shortening of chromosome occurs in the ____ strand which has _____ ____. | lagging, okazaki fragments |
| Stem cells are able to undergo many divisions by extending their ______ DNA through _____ and an ____ template. | chromosomal, telomerase, RNA |
| In a stem cell you can find an _____ tagged DNA strand. | immortal |
| After a stem cell undergoes division only the cells with the ____ ____ DNA strand will remain stem cells. | immortal tagged |
| The stem cells keep the ___ DNA strand, and the ____ DNA strand is passed on to cells that will _____. | unmutated original, replicated, differentiate |
| When a stem cell divides one cell will be a ___ cell and the other cell will become ____. | stem, differentiated |
| In stem cell division what are some fate determinants? | proteins, mRNA, phospholipids |
| The ____ will allow a stem cell to remain a ____ cell. | environment, stem |
| During the divisions process the stem cell is in a ___ ___, in which there is enabling of ____ ____ to maintain a _____. | local environment, signaling pathways, stem cell |
| Often times the ___ will play a role in other process that allow for ____ division. | environment, asymmetric |
| What are the 2 asymmetry pathways in stem cells? | environmental asymmetry and divisional asymmetry |
| When a stem cell finds a ___-____ ___ it remains a stem cell. | stem-cell niche |
| Multipotent cells are usually found in ____ organisms. | adult |
| Cells that have limited potential to the different types of cells that can be formed. | multipotent |
| Mesenchymal stem cells can become ___, ____, or ____. | osteoblasts, adipocytes,chondrocytes |
| ____ and one ____ ____ usually remain undifferentiated. | multipotent, daughter cell |
| There are periods in which the levels of ___ cells or _____ cells can go up or down. | stem, differentiated |
| Stem cells can divide into ___, ____, or one of each. | 2 stem cells, 2 differentiated cells, one of each |
| The vili in the intestine is in a ____ environment, and the ____ cells only survive ____ days. | harsh, epithelial, 4-5 |
| Due to the harsh environment in the intestine, the population of cells needs to be _____. | regenerated |
| There is __ cell division at the villus in the lumen of the gut. | no |
| Epithelial cell migration from birth starts at the bottom of the ____ and is lost at the top of the ___. | crypt, villus |
| Where are dividing stem cells located in the lumen of the gut? | in the crypt of the epithelial cells |
| When the cells divide in the lumen of the gut, one cell will ___ and the other cells get ____ ___ from the base. | self renew, pushed away |
| As cells get pushed away from the base they enter a _____ ___. | proliferation zone |
| After the proliferation zone, the cells enter the ______ zone where the cells can become villi. | differentiation |
| To keep the intestinal stem cells positioned properly there are ___- ___ adhesions and presence of ____ ____. | cell-cell, signaling molecules |
| In the crypt you can find what 4 type of cells. | differentiated secretory cells, dividing precursor cells, dividing stem cells, and nondividing terminally differentiated secretory cells (paneth cells) |
| What is the direction of migration of epithelial cells in lumen of gut? | intestinal stem cells, proliferation zone, and differentiation zone |
| At the bottom of the crypt you will find ____ cells and _____ ___ cells. | paneth, intestinal stem |
| Below the paneth cells and intestinal stem cells you can find ___ cells. | mesenchymal |
| ____ cells, ____ signaling, and ___ junctions retain daughter stem cells. | paneth, Wnt, adhesion |
| The different stages of the drosophila ovary have a common goal which is to generate an ____. | embryo |
| To generate a female germline there needs to be a ____ ___ ___. | germline stem cell |
| Surrounding the germline stem cells there are ___ ___ that form a ____ layer. | somatic cells, protective |
| The epithelial cells also need ____ stem cells. | somatic |
| When germ line stem cells divide, the ____ ____ gets pushed away from the ___ and the other cell will remain in _____. | daughter cell, base, position |
| The cell that remains in position will be able to ____ ___ and maintain characteristics. | self renewal |
| ____ cells help in maintaining the germline stem cells in position. | cap |
| Cell that secretes hedgehog and that binds to patch receptors that effect transcription. | cap cell |
| Cells that release molecules are working to turn off the ____ of certain genes to keep germ line ____ ____. | transcription, stem cell |
| The daughter cell that moves away will no longer be surrounded by ___ and will ____. | ligands, differentiate |
| There are also cell to cell interactions that are mediated by ______. | E-cadherin |
| Eventually the daughter cells that leave the base get surrounded by _____ cells. | epithelial |
| The ____ stem cells help in generating epithelial cells. | somatic |
| Cells that allow other cells to receive the right signal for self renewing. | inner sheath cells |
| What stem cells and niches are found in fly germarium? | cap cell, germ line stem cell, inner sheath cells, cystoblast, somatic stem cells, differentiating cysts, and follicle cells |
| Describe germarium, stage 1, and stage 2 in fly germariums. | Germarium- germinline stem cell, somatic stem cells Stage 1-- polar cell, epithelial follicle cell Stage 2-- nurse cell and oocyte |
| Stage 1 and stage 2 in germarium development are connected by a ___ cell. | stalk |
| What are the signals that create germ-line stem-cell niche with cap cell? | Hh signals to Ptc, TGF beta dimerize in germ line stem cell, cells held together by E-cadherin |
| What do the signals that create germ line stem cell niche cause in the germ line stem cell? | bam gene off |
| What are the signals that create somatic stem cell niche with inner sheath cell? | Wg (Wnt ligandish) signal to Fz, Hh signal to Ptc, cells held together by E-cadherin |
Created by:
theroge14