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urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When foods containing proteins are used by cells in the body, waste products are released into the bloodstream. This system removes these nitogenous wastes like, urea, creatinine, and uric acid from then blood | urinary system |
| As blood passes through the kidneys, the kidneys filter nitrogenous wastes to form___. “Liquid Gold” consists of:Water, Salts,Acids | urine |
| Help to maintain the proper balance of water, electrolytes and acids in body fluids.Sodium & potassium are examples of electrolytes which are needed to help nerve and muscle cells function. | kidneys |
| what substances do the kidenys secrete | renin and erythropoietin |
| Hormone secreted by the kidney. Raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction, or narrowing of blood vessels | renin |
| what substance is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow | erythropoietin |
| two bean-shaped organs (wt= 4 to 6 ounces) behind the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal) on either side of the spine in the lumbar region | kidneys |
| a depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through | hilum |
| two muscular tubes about 16 to 18 inches lined with mucous membrane. Carry urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder | ureters |
| a hollow, muscular sac. It is a temporary reservoir for urine.The trigone is a triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits. | urinary bladder |
| a tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The external opening of the urethra is the urinary meatus. The process of expelling urine through the urethra is called urination or voiding. | urethra |
| steps in the formation of urine | 1. Glomerular filtration,2. Tubular reabsorption, 3. Tubular secretion |
| Water, sugar, salts, urea & other wastes | glomerular filtration |
| Water, sugar, salts | tubular reabsorption |
| Acids, potassium & drugs | tubular secretion |
| Functional unit of the kidney. The combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule forms a unit.Each kidney contains about one million. | nephron |
| All collecting tubules lead to the ____, a basin-like area in the central part of the kidney, narrows into the ureter | renal pelvis |
| Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis | calyx |
| small artery | arteriole |
| Tube for injecting or removing fluids | catheter |
| Outer region of an organ is ____. The______ is the outer region of the kidney | cortex and renal cortex |
| Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine. | creatinine |
| a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood | creatinine clearance |
| Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water.They are necessary for functioning of muscles and nerves. K+ & Na+ | electrolyte |
| Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.-poietin = a substance that forms | erythropoietin (EPO) |
| Process where some substances, but not all, pass through _.In the kidney, blood pressure forces materials through the filter or glomerulus. About 180 quarts of fluid or filtered from the blood daily, but the kidney returns 98% to 99% of the water & salts. | Filtration |
| Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus. AKA Bowman capsule and it collects the material that is filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus | glomerular capsule |
| Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney | glomerulus |
| Opening or canal | meatus |
| Inner region of an organ is ___.The ____is the inner region of the kidney | medulla and renal medulla |
| Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream | reabsoption |
| Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney | renal artery |
| Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration | renal tubule |
| Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart | renal vein |
| urinalysis is | 1. Color, 2. Appearance, 3. pH, 4. Protein, 5. Glucose, 6. Specific gravity, 7. Ketone bodies, 8. Sediment & casts,9. Phenylketonuria (PKU), 10. Bilirubin |
| Normal urine is yellow (amber) or straw-colored. Colorless, pale urine = large amount of water. Smoky-red or brown urine = presence of blood. | color |
| Urine should be clear. Cloudy or turbid = UTI Pyuria (pus in urine). Bacteriuria (bacteria in urine). | appearance |
| Chemical nature of urine. Normal urine is slightly acidic and is 6.5. UTI can make urine alkaline (release of urea & ammonia). | pH |
| Small amounts of ____ are found in urine. When urine is + for _____…albumin is responsible. Albuminuria = leak in the glomerular membrane which allows albumin to enter the renal tubule and pass into urine. | protein |
| Sugar is not normally found in urine. Renal tubules cannot reabsorb all the sugar that filters out through the glomerular membrane. | glucose |
| sugar in the urine | Glycosuria |
| excessive sugar in the bloodstream spills over into the urine. | diabetes mellitus (DM) |
| Reflects the amounts of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine. Comparison of density of urine to water. Urine of patient’s with DM has a higher-than-normal specific gravity due to presence of sugar. | specific gravity |
| formed when fatty acids are broken down in the liver. Accumulate in blood & urine when body breaks down fat for fuel. | ketone bodies |
| occurs in DM when cells deprived of sugar must use fat for energy | ketonuria |
| (ketones in the blood) | ketosis |
| when sugar is not available, ketonuria and ketosis occur as fat is catabolized abnormally. Ketones in the blood are dangerous because they increase the acidity of the blood which can lead to coma (unconsciousness) and death | ketoacidosis |
| Presence of abnormal particles in the urine is a sign of something wrong with the urine. ______= cells (epithelial, white, red), bacteria, crystals and casts | sediment and casts |
| Substances that accumulate in the urine of infants that lack the important enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase | phenylketones |
| changes phenylalanine into tyrosine | phenylalanine hydroxylase |
| When the enzyme is missing, phenylalanine reaches high levels in the blood and this leads to mental retardation | phenylketonuria (PKU) |
| Pigment substance that results from hemoglobin breakdown, produces a darker appearance as an indication of liver or gallbladder disease. When the liver has difficulty removing bilirubin from blood, hyperbilirubinemia occurs and bilirubinuria follows | bilirubin |
| Pathologic terminology: kidney, bladder and associated conditions | pathology |
| Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney | glomerulonephritis |
| Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules | interstital nephritis |
| Kidney stones (renal calculi). Composed of uric acid or calcium salts. Stones lodge in the ureter or bladder, as well as in the renal pelvis, and may require removal by lithotripsy | nephrolithiasis |
| Nephrosis.Group of clinical signs & symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine Two important S&S are: Edema (selling caused by fluid in tissue spaces), Hypoalbuminemia | nephrotic syndrome |
| Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidneys | polycystic kidney disease |
| Inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma | pyelonephritis |
| Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood. Hypernephroma | renal cell carcinoma |
| Kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function | renal failure |
| High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease | renal hypertension |
| Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood. This tumor may be treated with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. | wilms tumor |
| Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder.Occurs more frequently in men, smokers, older than 50 & industrial workers exposed to dyes. S&S, Dx,Tx | bladder cancer |
| gross or microscopic hematuria & dysuria | s&s |
| Cystoscopy with biopsy | dx |
| Cystectomy, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy | tx |
| Antidiruetic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect | diabetes insipidus |
| Insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body | diabetes mellitus |
| Measurement of urea levels in blood. Normally blood urea level is low because urea is excreted in the urine. When the kidney is diseased or fails, urea accumulates in the blood (uremia), leading to unconsciousness and death. | blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney. A useful indicator of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is normally 90 to 120 mL/minute | creatinine clearance |
| X-ray images show multiple cross-sectional and other views of organs and tissues | ct scan |
| Kidneys, ureters and bladder. X-ray examination, without contrast, of the kidneys, ureters and bladder | KUB |
| X-ray examination (with contrast) of the blood vessels of the kidneys | renal angiography |
| X-ray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through a urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder | retrograde pyelogram (RP) |
| X-ray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding | Voiding cystourethrogram |
| Imaging of urinary tract structures using high-frequency sound waves | ultrasonography |
| Image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream | radioisotpe scan |
| Changing magnetic field produces images of the kidney and surrounding structures in three planes of the body | Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
| Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope | cystoscopy |
| Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood | dialysis |
| Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it, and returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body | hemodialysis (HD) |
| Uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity | Peritoneal dialysis (PD) |
| Urinary tract stones are crushed | Lithotripsy |
| Dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries | renal angioplasty |
| Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination | renal biopsy |
| Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient | renal transplantation |
| Passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through the urethra into the urinary bladder | urinary catheterization |
Created by:
awalden18