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PUBLIC SPEAKING

Question	Answer
Public speaking skills are used informally when	people answer questions in class, participate in meetings, perused friends and family, or share information with others.
Public speaking skills are used formally during	presentations in classes, at work, or in the community.
Public speaking is an evolving art as the options for	preparing, delivering, and hearing speeches have changed over time.
Speakers have many options for	researching and delivering speeches.
Aristotle (384-322 BCE) studied rhetoric which is	what public speaking was called at the time.
In Aristotle's book Rhetoric, Aristotle emphasized the importance of	adapting speeches to specific situations and audiences.
Aristotle's concept of audience centered communication	holds true today.
Aristotle discussed proofs which was	another foundation of public speaking.
Proofs are the	types of support a speaker uses for a specific audience and occasion.
Aristotle identified three types of proofs	logos, pathos, and ethos.
Logos refers to	rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis.
Pathos appeals occur when	speakers appeal to our emotions.
Ethos appeals are based on	the speaker's credibility or character.
Learning to become a public speaker is an opportunity to develop	multiple, transferable communication skills.
Transferable skills are skills that	can be transferred from one context to another.
Learning public speaking skills will help build	confidence and manage speech anxiety.
The process of habituation	helps manage anxiety over time.
A public speaking course can provide a process of habituation	grounded in positive feedback and constructive suggestions.
In time, the positive experiences encountered in a public speaking course can transfer to	other speaking situations, such as in the community or to other classes.
Public speaking students will become	better listeners.
One goal of public speaking class is to learn how to	listen reciprocally, which is listening to others with full attention and an open mind and they do the same with you.
Public speaking students are able to adapt to	diverse audiences as they learn strategies for getting to know their audiences.
Public speaking students learn how to build	speaker credibility, which is how much the audience views the speaker as competent, friendly, trustworthy, and dynamic.
Public speaking students learn how to find and use	reliable information that can be useful in all aspects of life.
Public speaking students learn how to organize ideas and information so that	listeners can follow and understand the speaker's message.
Patterns of speech organization include	chronological, spatial, cause and effect, and problem solution formats.
Speakers use transitions and outlines while	developing their speeches.
Organizing your ideas prior to speaking can give	the ideas greater impact with an audience.
Models of human communication capture the	communication process visually.
The transmission model	portrays human communication as information flowing in a single direction from sender to receiver.
The interactional model	expands on the transmission model by adding two key elements, channel and feedback.
Messages pass from a sender through a	channel, or mode of communication, to a receiver or receivers. The channel might be a person, telephone, text message, or webcam.
Receivers respond to sources with	feedback.
Communication in the interactional model is	two-way, with messages going back and forth between the source and the receiver.
The transactional model added three important elements	noise, context, and environment.
Noise refers to	any interference that prevents messages from being understood.
Context is	the setting for the communication.
The environment includes all	the outside forces that might affect communication.
Channel refers to the	mode or medium of communication. In today's world, public speaking often involves multiple channels, including webcams, videoconferencing, digital slides, text messaging, or email.
The audience is	the intended recipients of the message. Today's audiences may extend beyond the people who hear the speaker in person throughout e use of digital recordings and webcams.
Noise is	any interference in the understanding of a message. May be internal to the speaker, or external, as a result of environmental sounds.
Feedback provides the	speaker information about how an audience understands the message.
The context for public speaking includes the	physical setting for the speech and the occasion for the speech.
The environment includes all of the	external surroundings that may influence a public speaking event.
All of these elements work together to from a	picture of the public speaking process.
Public speaking can invoke feelings of	uneasiness, panic, and dread.
Speech anxiety is the	fear of speaking in front of an audience.
Speech anxiety begins with	uncertainty since, for most people, public speaking is not an everyday occurrence.
Speech anxiety stems from	seven different sources of uncertainty.
There are many strategies for managing	speech anxiety.
Visualization involves	thinking through the sequence of events that make up the speech in a positive, detailed, concrete, and step by step way.
Visualization involves three main steps	focusing on what will go right in your speech, visualizing yourself giving a successful speech, using all of your senses to feel what will happen.
Re-labeling occurs when you assign positive words or phrases to the	physical and emotional reactions associated with speech anxiety.
Relaxation techniques reduce the	physical symptoms of stress.
Completing the planning and preparation steps in the speechmaking process will	help you gain confidence and reduce speech anxiety.
Speech anxiety can be managed on the day of your speech prior to	delivering the speech and during the speech.
There are several useful strategies you can use prior to delivering your speech including	dress for the occasion, keep all your notes and materials organized, arrive early, take calming breaths, warm up your voice, make sure all technical aspects of your speech are ready to go, concentrate on the other speakers.
There are several strategies you can use as you deliver your speech including	displaying a positive attitude, expecting to experience some anxiety, turning your anxiety into positive energy, avoid overanalyzing anxiety, never comment on your anxiety, focus on your audience, not yourself, pay attention to audience feedback.
There are several strategies you can use to manage your anxiety after delivering your speech	listen carefully to audience questions, recognize that speech anxiety can occur even after you finish your speech. Reinforce your confidence by congratulating yourself and reflecting on all of the handwork you put into your speech.
Develop a plan for managing anxiety to use in	future public speaking situations.
Ethical communication addresses	the moral dimensions of speaking and listening.
Dialogic ethics provide a	framework for understanding the relationship between communication and ethics as it provides principles for facilitating ethical communication in public speaking contexts.
Plagiarism refers to	taking someone else's ideas and work and presenting them as your own whether intentionally or unintentionally.
Plagiarism violates	ethical principles and is illegal.
Copyright laws protect	original published, and unpublished works.
Fair use allows you to use	limited portions of an author's work as long as the source of information is credited.
Paraphrasing involves	putting a source's information into your own words in order to capture the essence of the information.
Citing your sources if you are presenting information that your audience might view unfavorably lets the audience know that	the ideas did not originate with you.
Effective public speakers provide	brief references to their sources during their speeches.
The speaker should tell the audience	who authored, or published a piece of information.
Copyright laws also cover	visual and audio materials, speakers must cite the source of the material just as they do with written sources.
To help avoid plagiarism, keep careful records of	information as you research your speech.
Ethical communication requires speakers to respect	cultural differences.
Culture is	shared values, beliefs, and activities within a group or society.
Culture is learned through	communication with family, friends, neighbors, the media, and other social institutions.
Cultural diversity refers to	differences in cultural backgrounds and practices around the world.
Cultural norms are the	explicit and implicit rules for how members of a culture should behave.
Analyzing your audience will help you	adapt your speech to the range of cultural differences represented in your audience.
Ethnocentrism must be	avoided in communication situations.
Ethnocentrism is the	belief that our cultural view of the world is superior to anyone else's cultural view.
Ethnocentrism influences our	evaluations of other speakers' competence and credibility.
Ethnocentrism can prevent us from	questioning societal and cultural practices that promote discrimination against people.
Listening is important in a	public speaking situation.
Listening involves	six components.
Understanding the basic characteristics of listening helps to	develop listening skills.
There are different reasons for listening and different	ways of listening.
Empathic listening	involves listening for the speaker's feelings and emotions.
Appreciative listening is	listening for enjoyment.
Content listening involves	gathering information and focusing on the speaker's main points.
Critical listening requires	evaluation of the speaker's credibility, ideas, and supporting evidence.
Most public speaking situations require	using the different types of listening.
Becoming a more effective listener requires	the use of several strategies.
General purpose of a speech refers to	the overall goal of the speech.
There are three	types of speeches.
Speeches to inform attempt to	describe, explain, or demonstrate something and are designed to increase the audience's knowledge about a topic.
Speeches to persuade attempt to	reinforce or change the audience's beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors.
Speeches to entertain	seek to provide enjoyment to the audience.
The speaker should focus on	one type of general purpose.
The speaker should always	keep the general purpose in mind.
The next step in developing a speech is to	select a topic.
Brainstorming is an effective strategy for	selecting a speech topic. During brainstorming ask yourself key questions.
Consider your interests and	what you know when evaluating potential speech topics.
Consider the audience when	evaluating potential speech topics.
Consider resource availability when	selecting a speech topic.
Consider time when	evaluating potential speech topics.
Consider the setting for your speech and	the type of event the speech will be given at.
The specific purpose is what	you want to achieve in your speech.
Your specific purpose merges your	general purpose statement, topic, and to identify the specific goal you want to achieve in your speech.
The specific purpose focuses on a	single purpose and incorporates the reaction you want from the audience.
The specific purpose will typically begin with the following words	to inform my audience, to teach my audience, to make my audience aware, or to demonstrate to my audience how to..
The thesis of the speech	summarizes the plan for achieving the specific purpose.
A working outline guides the speaker during	the initial stages of speech development.
Successful speakers adapt their messages to	specific audiences.
Audience analysis will show you how much you	know about your audience.
Audiences come in all	sorts of varieties.
An audience are	individuals that gather in a semipublic setting such as a public plaza, theater, or stadium, also radio, television, and internet have audiences.
The development of new communication technologies allows	communicators to reach a broader audience.
A successful speaker views audience members as	partners in public speaking.
Audiences, when trying to understand a speaker's message seek to	make a connection between what the speaker says, and themselves.
Analyzing and adapting to the audience is	crucial for all types of communicators.
For public speakers, the target audience includes the	people speakers most want to inform, persuade, r entertain.
The diversity that you are faced with when presenting a speech can work to your	advantage, as well as pose challenges.
Successful speakers assess the	size of the audience and their demographic characteristics.
Effective communicators use	demographics to identify their target audiences.
Psychographics focus on	psychological data.
A value of psychographic information serves as	a standard behavior.
Beliefs flow from an	individual's standpoint.
An attitude is	how a person feels about something.
Audience research questionnaires are	used to gather information about audience demographics and psychographics.
Audience research questionnaire can	provide data and comments that can be used in your speech.
The setting for your speech plays a key role in	audience adaptation.
The location or physical place for your speech influences	what you say and how you say it.
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of	where you will be speaking.
Analyze the	room where you will be speaking.
Without the occasion there would	be no speech.
Adapting to the time of the speech is	also an importnat element in your speaking event.
Appearing credible to your audience is	key to your success.
Determining what you know about a topic and	how you found out about it is the first step in developing a plan to research your topic.
The information sources you access when preparing a speech should	reflect the diversity that you gain when learning about and respecting others' viewpoints.
Once you establish your knowledge of the topic you are	ready to begin your research.
Organizational sources can provide information that is	not available from any other source.
Events related to your topic also provide	important leads to relevant information.
Three evaluation criteria should be applied as you locate information for your speech	Information must be reliable, valid, and current.
Information must be reliable	must fit with what other experts have concluded and the source must be an authority on the topic.
Information must be valid	can be tested by examining the author's conclusions.
Information must be current and	up to date.
Public speakers must	acknowledge their sources of information during the speech
Written citations include bibliographic information in	APA 6th edition.
Supporting materials provide the	substance of your speech.
Pathos appeals to	emotion.
Logos appeals to	logic.
Mythos appeals to	cultural beliefs and values.
Narratives draw the audience into the	message.
Examples make ideas more	concrete and personalize the topic.
Definitions explain or describe	what something is.
A speaker's testimony relies on an	individual's opinion or experiences related to the particular topic.
Supporting your speech with popular media	must be done with care.
The credibility of your supporting materials depends on	the credibility of your sources.
Every speech has	four main parts.
The first part of the speech is	the introduction
During the introduction the speaker must	get the audience's attention, indicate the purpose and thesis, establish credibility, and preview the speech's main points.
The second part of the speech is	the body.
The body of a speech includes	the speaker's main points and subordinate points.
The third part of the speech is the	tranisitions.
Transitions are used to	move from the introduction to the body, from one point to the next, and from the body to the conclusion.
The fourth part of the speech is the	conclusion.
The conclusion	wraps up the speech, reviews the main points, restates the thesis , and provides closure.
Developing your main points is an	important step in speech development.
Clarity is	important when organizing your speech.
Your main points should	give your audience a clear idea of what your speech is about and the response you seek.
Your main points must	clearly support your specific purpose and be consistent with your thesis.
Make sure your main points are	relevant.
Your main points should be	directly relevant to your topic.
Continually review your specific	purpose and thesis, and ensure the points that are relevant.
Main points must also be	relevant to one another.
Make sure your main points are	balanced.
While not all of your points will be exactly equal, one should not be	much more, or much less important than the others.
If some points are not equal in importance, a rough balance may	still be achieved by spending less time on less important points.
Identify the appropriate number of	points to include in your speech.
Organize the main points in a	clear and logical pattern.
Speakers generally rely on	six patterns of organization.
Chronological pattern	allows you to arrange your ideas in a time sequence and to trace the history of a topic.
Spatial pattern	allows you to link points together based on their physical relationships.
Topical pattern	divides a topic into subtopics that address its components, elements, or aspects.
Narrative pattern	allows you to structure your main points in story form.
Cause-and-effect pattern	relies on the idea of one action leading to or bringing about another.
Problem solution pattern	acceptable when attempting to convince audience members that a specific dilemma or problem requires a particular course of action or solution, and must demonstrate that the proposed solution will address the issue described and can be implemented.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence	composed of five steps that encourage speakers to focus on audience outcomes while organizing ideas.
Coherent speech is achieved when	speakers connect ideas with transitions.
Include a brief transition or signpost to show the	direction of your speech.
Use transitions between main	points.
When you shift main points within the body of the speech, use internal transitions that	clearly show the direction you are going with your speech.
Internal summaries help listeners move from	one point to the next.
Use connectors to lead the audience to the	conclusion.
Let your audience know you are moving from the final main point to the	end of your speech.
Link the transition from your last main point to the actual	content of the conclusion as seamlessly as possible.
The complete sentence outline provides a	highly detailed description of your ideas and how they are related to one another .
You will use complete sentences that clearly reflect your	thinking and research on your topic
The complete sentence outline clearly identifies all pieces of information for the peach puts	ideas in order, and forms the base for developing the presentation outline.
Outlines show the	priority of your ideas and how they are related.
Using roman numerals, capital letters, and arabic numbers provide	guidance for formatting your complete sentence outline.
Listing your topic, general purpose, specific purpose and thesis at the top of the outline keeps	you on track as you develop the outline.
Writing your points and sub points as complete sentences helps you	develop your thoughts more fully.
Comparing the main points for the working and complete sentence outlines demonstrates	key differences between the two types of outlines.
The complete sentence outline shows how	each point is developed.
List your main points in	order.
Maintain levels of	importance.
All sub points must be	equally important in relation to a main point.
Subordinate points are	those that are under your main points, providing evidence and information that support your main ideas.
Identify at least two pieces of information to	support a point or subpoint.
Include and label your	introduction, conclusion, and transitions.
Use a consistent system of	symbols and indentation.
List	references for your speech.
Introduction's first element is the	attention getter.
Attention getter is	a device used to create interest in your speech
To create an effective attention getter, consider your speech purpose	the amount of time you have to present your introduction, how creative you can be, proven techniques, and presentation me media related to your topic.
Cite a surprising fact or statistic to	call attention to your topic.
Tell an emotionally arousing but brief	human interest story.
Use the information you have collected about	your audience.
Tell a joke to introduce the topic and	get the audience interested.
Ask a question that you want your audience to	answer or consider.
The best way to shift smoothly to the next element of your introduction is to	move directly from the last word of your attention getter to a clear statement of your speech's purpose and thesis.
Once you have your audience's attention you need to	let them know that you are an authority on the topic.
Preview in the introduction what will	be said in the body of the speech.
Present the main points and	subpoints in the body.
Review the main points in the	conclusion.
Developing your conclusion is equally important to the	success of your speech.
Once you present your main points you are	ready to wrap up your speech.
Review your	main points.
Reinforce	your purpose.
Provide	closure.
The power of language rests in its ability to	create images in the minds of listeners.
The images created using language	inform, persuade, and entertain audience members.
The words you choose to use also challenges your audience to	think, reason, contemplate, feel, evaluate, and responsed to what you have to say.
Words are symbols that trigger	meanings that people have in their minds for words.
Language is	arbitrary.
There is no direct connection between a word and	what it represents, different groups of people have different words that stand for the same things.
There is a direct link between the object that led to your	thought, and the words you choose to express that thought.
There is no direct link between the object itself and the	words you choose.
Language is	ambiguous.
Words have	multiple meanings.
Denotative meanings refer to	formal meaning, such as what is found in dictionaries.
Connotative meanings are	based on people's experiences.
Individuals have their own	meanings for words and the concepts those words stand for.
Language is	abstract.
Language is	active.
Language is constantly evolving, new inventions create	new words.
Specific events change the	meanings of words.
Communicators continually alter the	meanings of words.
Part of analyzing your audience involves identifying language that is	appropriate for them.
The language you choose should fit the	topic, occasion, and audience.
Choose meaningful words avoid	jargon, idioms, euphemisms, slang, and cliches that listeners will not understand or will find uninteresting.
Presentation media are	technical and material resources that can enhance your speech.
When used appropriately presentation media can become a core feature of	your speech.
Learning how to use presentation media effectively encompasses more than	just learning technical procedures.
Presentation media can garner attention from your audience and	enhance their understanding and retention of your presented information.
There must be valid reasons for	including presentation media.
Strive to achieve maximum impact from any	visual presentation media that you use in your speech.
Avoid too much information on a single	slide.
Choose your visual materials carefully, making sure they are	relevant to your topic.
Use visual materials when	images will say more than words.
Don't use too many	images.
Balance variety with	coherence.
Use large	lettering.
Prepare the images you want to display	well in advance.
Video clips can elicit an emotional response from the audience and	improve their ability to recall aspects of your speech.
Be sure the video clip will	contribute something truly important to your speech.
Keep video clips short! Less than	10 percent of overall speech time.
Treat the video as an	integral part of your speech.
Embed the video within	your digital slides.
Make sure the video is not	offensive.
Cite the	source of the video clip.
Be sure the	clip is legitimate.
Models are useful for	describing and explaining topics that involve a physical structure.
Computers can be used to	enhance your presentation.
Carefully develop your speech and then consider how	you will support your oral materials with digital slides.
Balance creativity with	clarity and predictability with spontaneity.
Presentation media can enhance your	effectiveness as a speaker if used correctly.
Consider the room and	your audience.
Be sure you have easy access to the equipment	while you speak.
Project yur images at a height and distance that will	make them visible for everyone in the audience.
Avoid turning toward the screen where	images are projected.
Remain facing your audience while	they look at the screen.
Practice with your	media.
Incorporate your presentation media when	practicing your speech to ensure smooth integration into your speech.
Include reminders on your note cards indicating when	to use your presentation media.
Arrive early and check on the technical equipment to	avoid technical mishaps.
Speak to your audience, not your	media.
Always keep your focus on	the audience.
There are four types of	delivery methods.
Adopt a style of delivery that	enhances the content of your speech and does not distract your audience.
Impromptu speaking requires	little or no preparation.
General conversation is	impromptu speaking.
Impromptu speaking is	flexible, and completely spontaneous.
Extemporaneous speaking is a style that	requires careful research, organization, and rehearsal before delivery.
Extemporaneous speaking provides maximized connection with your	audience, and the chance of achieving your purpose.
Manuscript speaking allows	exact composition of the language you wish to youse for our speech.
Manuscript speaking is more difficult to	maintain a connection with the audience.
Memorized speaking can be	greatly effective if used for small speeches, or for sections of your speech, such as introduction, or key transitions.
Speaking situation and type of speech are	external factors that help determine how you will deliver your speech.
Managing your	voice during your speech.
Sufficient volume is crucial, audience members should not have to	strain to hear you.
Vary your rate, pitch, and	volume.
Use vocal variety to	fit your topic and evoke emotion in the audience.
Avoid vocalized	pauses.
Articulate your words clearly and	pronounce them correctly.
Articulating poorly during a speech may cause your audience to	strain to understand you and may hurt your credibility.
Knowing what to do with your body can significantly	reduce speech anxiety.
Adjust your facial expression according to	the content of your speech and message you are trying to send.
Managing your audience begins with	audience analysis and creating a speech to achieve their goals as well as your goals.
I you have developed a speech that your audience finds useful and interesting and you present the speech in an	enthusiastic, engaging manner, listeners will respond the way you expect them to.
Involve your	audience.
Respect the audience's	time.
Being fully prepared does not mean that the speech you give to your audience will be	the same speech you practice.
Give a version of	your speech.
An informative speech is personally	meaningful.
An informative peech presents	accurate information.
An informative speech presents information	clearly and is easily followed.
Informative speech has one	primary focus that you will highlight in your speech.
Speeches about objects and	places can generate excellent speech topics.
Almost anything that is important or interesting to you can be	important or interesting to an audience with skillful research and delivery.
Speeches about people or other living creatures can	also be interesting speech topics.
Speeches about processes facilitate	an audience's understanding of the process or explains how the audience can engage in the process themselves.
Thoroughly analyze your audience before	deciding whether you want them to simply understand the process or enact it themselves.
Speeches about events highlight	specific personal occurrences.
Speeches about ideas and concepts can be	extensive and complex, but are effective speech topics.
Explain the origin and main elements of the	concept.
The specific purpose you develop for an informative speech should reflect your	general purpose.
Your specific purpose and thesis should	clarify your topic for your audience, make it meaningful, express the main idea accurately and pique the audience's interest.
Chronological pattern allows	you to show how someone or something has developed or changed over time. Highlight the importance of each step in that development.
The spatial pattern allows you to	describe the physical or directional relationship between objects or places.
Topical pattern	divides your topic into subtopics that address the components, elements, or aspects of the topic.
Subtopics become the	main points of the speech.
Narrative pattern allows you to	retell events as a story or a series of short stories.
Narrative pattern emphasizes the	dramatic unfolding of events.
The cause and effect pattern shows how	an action produces a specific outcome.
Success of your speech greatly depends on	your planning and preparation.
Keep your speech	informative.
Avoid expressing personal	views.
Keep your speech at the level of	information sharing.
Describe, explain, or demonstrate something without	telling the audience what to think, or what to do about it.
Demonstrate a positive attitude which will	connect the topic to the audience in a meaningful way.
Establish a context for your topic that	excite's the audience's imagination.
Connect your topic to	your audience.
Use techniques that reduce the distance between	you and your audience.
Informative speaking involves more than	imparting information.
Demonstrate the relevance of your speech topic to your	audience's lives and values.
Persuasion embodies the	concept of success.
Persuasion relies on	language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions.
Persuasive speakers take on the role of	promoter or proponent, and advocate a particular view on a topic they want the audience to adopt.
Persuasive speakers voice a clear	position on a topic.
Persuasive speeches address three types of questions	fact, value, and policy.
Questions of fact ask	whether something is true or false.
In speeches addressing questions of fact, the speaker tries to	persuade an audience that something did or did not occur, or that one event caused another.
Speeches on questions of fact typically address three issues	what is observed or known, how the observations were made, whether new observations have changed hat people once thought of as fact.
Persuasiveness of a speech addressing a question of fact relies on	the speaker's ability to present sound, credible evidence.
Facts and statistics provide the	foundational evidence for speeches on questions of fact.
When you give a speech on a question of fact, you want the audience to	believe or agree with you that something is true or false.
Questions of value ask	qualitative judgements about something's significance.
Question of value addresses individual opinions and cultural beliefs rather than	proving something true or false.
Speeches on questions of value address timeless issues as well as recent	concerns.
A question of policy asks what	course of action should be taken or how a problem should be solved.
Questions of policy may reflect	current controversies or less contentious topics.
Speeches on questions of policy ask the audience to	personally take a particular action or support a particular position.
Monroe's motivated sequence encourages speakers to	focus on audience outcomes when organizing ideas.
Monroe's motivated sequence requires speakers to	identify and respond to what will motivate the audience to pay attention.
There are specific strategies persuasive speakers use to address the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the	five common audience positions.
The negative audience is	informed about your topic and holds an unfavorable view of it.
When speaking to a negative audience you must	establish your credibility, take a common ground approach, help your audience visualize your topic in positive ways, and prepare for your audience's negative reaction to your position.
The positive audience is	informed about your topic and has a favorable view of your position.
When speaking to a positive audience you must	rely on narratives to elaborate on your points, incorporate engaging evidence that further reinforces the audience's commitment to the topic, use vivid language and images to heighten your audience's enthusiasm for the topic, rally your audience.
The divided audience is	informed about your topic but split in its views.
When speaking to a divided audience you must	demonstrate that you recognize the arguments for and against the issue, establish your credibility, establish common ground, address objection, and reinforce the position of those who agree with you.
The uninformed audience is	unfamiliar with your topic and has no opinion about it.
When speaking to an uninformed audience you should	motivate your audience to learn more, demonstrate your expertise on topic and fairness in addressing all perspectives, use repetition and redundancy to reinforce your points, keep your persuasion subtle.
The apathetic audience is	informed about your topic but not interested in it.
When speaking to an apathetic audience you must	gain their attention and pique their interest, show how topic impacts them, show audience how much you care through energy and dynamism, take a one sided approach to the topic.
Ethical persuasive speakers do not attempt to	deceive or manipulate the audience.
Persuasive speakers must meet the National Communication Association's standards of	ethical communication.
Ethical speakers support	freedom of expression, appreciate the diversity of perspectives, and tolerate opposing viewpoints.
Arguments provide	support for persuasive speakers positions on questions of fact, value, or policy.
Argument forms the foundation of	persuassion.
An argument makes a claim and supports it with	evidence and reasoning.
Claims propose conclusions based on	the evidence presented.
Claims lay the groundwork for	your thesis.
Arguments include two	types of claims.
The conclusion is the	primary claim or assertion a speaker makes.
A premise gives a	reason to support a conclusion.
Arguments called enthymemes assume	the audience will figure out the premise or conclusion on their own.
An enthymeme invites audience	participation as they mentally fill in the missing parts of the argument.
Evidence provides the	foundation for your claims.
Logical appeal can be the	most persuasive type of appeal when presented well.
Appeals to speaker credibility can be	highly effective depending on how the audience views the speaker's ethos.
Your audience must perceive you as	likeable to sociable.
Emotional appeals, or pathos, rely on	emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence an audience.
Appeals to cultural beliefs, or mythos rely on	the values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience.
Reasoning provides	the bridge between the claim and evidence.
Deductive reasoning argues from	a general principle to a specific instance or case.
Speakers use inductive reasoning when	they support a claim with specific instances or examples.
Inductive reasoning asks the audience to	accept a general claim based on a few cases, or even just one case.
Speakers use analogical reasoning when they	compare two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggest that what holds true for one also holds true for the other.
A fallacy results in an	erroneous argument.
Fallacies stemming from the claims a speaker makes refer to	errors in basic assumptions or assertions.
False dilemma fallacy occurs	when a speaker tries to reduce the choices an audience cn make even though other alternatives exist.
Begging the question is another fallacy where	speakers imply the truth of the conclusion in the premise or simply assert the validity of the conclusion is self evident.
Slipper slop fallacy occurs	when the speaker says that one event will necessarily lead to another without showing any logical connection between the two.
Ad ignorantiam fallacy suggests that	because a claim has not been shown false, it must be true.
Fallacies in evidence occur when	the evidence used to support a claim is irrelevant, inaccurate, or insufficient.
A red herring is created when	the speaker presents evidence that has nothing to do with the claim.
Comparative evidence fallacy occurs when	speakers use statistics or compare numbers in way that mislead the audience and misrepresent the evidence included to support the argument.
Ad populum fallacy plays on	popular attitudes without offering any supporting materials.
Speakers using the appeal to tradition fallacy argue that	the status quo or current state of things is better than any new idea or approach.
Fallacies in reasoning involve	errors in how the speaker links the evidence and the claims.
The division fallacy is an	error in deductive reasoning in which the speakers assume that what's true of the whole is also of the parts making up the whole.
The hasty generalization fallacy occurs when	the speaker makes a claim after offering only one or two examples, or the examples offered do not represent the larger group.
The post hoc fallacy involves	concluding that a causal relationship exists simply because one event follows another in time.
Weak analogy fallacy results when	two things have important dissimilarities that make the comparison inaccurate and the analogy faulty.
Fallacies in responding occur when	listeners make errors in argument when critiquing a speaker's arguments.
Ad hominem fallacy occurs when	a claim is rejected based on the speaker's character rather than the evidence.
Guilty by association fallacy suggests	something is wrong with the speaker's character.
Caricature fallacy involves	misrepresenting a speaker's argument so that little of the original claim remains.
Loaded word fallacy uses	emotionally laden words to distract from the speaker's argument and evaluate claims based on a misleading emotional response rather than the evidence presented.
Speech of introduction is a	short speech that introduces a person to an audience.
Acceptance speech is	expected after an individual is recognized, honored, or awarded.
Tributes and eulogies	honor people for something they have done, who they were, where they have been, or where they are headed.
Speeches of nomination	focus on the qualifications or accomplishments of a particular person.
In text citations should include the	last name of the author, and the year of publication.
In text citations can come before or after	the information.
References include the	authors name, the date of the article, the title of the article, the journal name issue and page number, and a digital object identifier.

Created by: 1298809275

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